onsdag den 25. maj 2011

Morality Feud

I will first examine how the literary period through the modern bride, is linked to morality feud. Then I will describe the standards they had back then, gender roles, morality and feud, the four surveys had been on morality. It would lead me to an analysis and interpretation of Amalie Skram's novel, Lucie. Then I'll make a personal characteristic of the most important people in the novel, Lucie because Amalie Skram expresses its views on morality through the characters in the novel.

The Modern Breakthrough, 1870-1900, was an exodus of Romanticism, 1800-1870. From believing that the inexplicable things - such as why some other ugly was beautiful, some were stupid other wise - was given by God to possess a natural scientific causal explanation. During the modern breakthrough industrialization progressed slowly forward and the gap between rich and poor grew. There was a migration to the cities, so there was created a byproletariat who lived under very poor conditions because wages were poor. Småborskabets companies were now facing competition from the new factories that could mass produce their products. These economic changes had a major influence on man's ability to meet the woman and the men could therefore only at a late age, approx. 30 years, to marry. This meant that women had to support themselves. The women had very low paid jobs and were thus forced to supplement their daily income by prostituting themselves.

The women had to be abstinent before marriage, however, where men were entitled to free sex. This standard was entrenched in the gender-divided society. He was expected that boys and girls were born with different abilities, for example. that girls were good for Danish and boys were good at math, therefore, the aim was to distinguish the sex. There were schools for girls, and other schools for boys, there were gender-segregated spaces, boys and girls did not play together (with the exception of people who lived in the countryside). Boys and girls were also brought up differently. It was a father's duty to educate his son to be aware of sexual life. While it was up to her mother to keep her daughter unaware of the sexual life. This upbringing was characterized by silence and prohibition. It was instead very important to focus on issues and do, therefore, were most of the women's time spent reading, embroidering and sewing. The aim of this education was to create a humble, virtuous girl who could easily slip into the role as a wife.

For men, it was okay to have sexual relations before marriage, but if a girl had had sexual contact with a man before marriage, her future ruined. So there was a moral one for men and morals of men. This made it a "double standard" principle. Bottom throughout the segregated principle was that much before thought that it was the man's sperm that created the child and his mother was merely a receptacle having undernourished fetus via livmoren. This was called "fadermagssamfundet". As the man was the creator of all life was his role in a very vital. He had power over the children he had created, and therefore could do with them what he wanted without informing her mother.

The whole idea of "fadermagssamfundet" began to break apart for the man in 1827 took the female egg, and people began to question gender roles.

They had an idea that proletarian women had quite different desires than bourgeois women. He was expected of them sensual creatures, but what you had not foreseen was that these proletarian women had no opportunity to take part in citizenship snerperi because of their poor living conditions did not allow them to live in abstinence. These women spent bourgeois men to amuse themselves with when they needed it. Therefore, the sexual pressure on bourgeois women diminished and it became the basis for a better marriage. Female sex was then split into two, where their social status decided which category they belonged. No distinction between the proletarian woman who was seen as an easily accessible sex objects, and bourgeois woman who was regarded as an asexual being, an "untouchable Madonna".

Overall, it was thought that women are by nature not had any sex drive, and if they had to show sexual behavior was the mentally disturbed, while men had a very strong sex drive and it was unhealthy for them not to have it satisfied.

In 1869, wrote John Stuart Miller, "Women's oppression," that same year translated Georg Brandes to the Danish. Georg Brandes advocated free love, and that it was unhealthy for women to conceal and subdue their lusts.

In 1871 Danish Women's Society Was founded with the then President, Frederik Bajer.

Bjørnstjerne Bjornson wrote the 1883 play "a glove". The play was a failure by the behavior, but the "glove" morality "was received with great enthusiasm. "Glove Morality" went so far out to women and men should have equal rights in sexual life. So that men have to deal with the demands of women had been subject to date - abstinence before marriage. Bear Bjørnson believed that by living in celibacy before marriage, you could get it legalized prostitution to life, while men had morals and health benefits of it.

In March 1887, which was the highlight of morality feud, was convened to closed session in woman Danish Woman Society. They discussed the "glove" morality ". One of the speakers was Elisabeth Grundtvig. She supported the glove morality and believed that men had to learn to control their appetites, so that they might live in clean, equal marriage.

One month after was convened public meeting of women advances League, where Elisabeth Grundtvig reiterated your lectures on morality glove as she had hold of Danish society woman. It triggered a debate in the "Social Democrat" (newspaper), between journalist AC Meyer, Johannes Meyer and learning Anne Bruun.

AC Meyer believed that prostitution and unhappy marriages had engaged in social and economic misery, and was therefore in favor of economic equality between men and women. This would enable women to become economically independent and therefore free to decide whom they would marry. He also thought that it was unhealthy to repress and suppress his desires, and advocated free love and Georg Brandes.

Anne Bruun and Johanne Brandes both concurred with Elisabeth Grundtvig and also backed glove morale up. They felt that the problem lay in that the men could be satisfied outside of marriage.

Georg Brandes in 1887 came home from a long trip in Russia, and then wrote three posts in the policy. Here taunted and humiliated him Elisabeth Grundtvig and the "glove women". Then introduced Elizabeth sue policy to print the three posts. Bear Bjørnson helped Elisabeth in her trial by making such observations in the newspaper. She won the lawsuit and Policy Manager would pay off a fine.

On 14 November 1887 was again convened in Danish Woman Society. This meeting aimed to get into the moral equality requirements of agenda. The proposal was by a large majority voted down, but three days later, Bear Bjørnson invited to give a lecture, which he toured with (Engifte and many pollutants), at the invitation of the Danish Women's Society in Copenhagen. This lecture was based on an evolution of the glove morality, and most people loved the idea. Unfortunately, this lecture is not enough to start a new debate as discussions about morality feud dead soon away.

The debate in morality feud was actively participated in by writers, artists and intellectuals. There were four guidelines for morality feud. During each of the four guideline could locate participating.

Amalie Skram

Lucie

First published in 1888

The novel takes place in Christiania, now called Oslo. It takes place over approx. three years and is divided into 21 chapters. The theme is morality - in other words: is it okay to have a sexual relationship before marriage - are both men and women. The novel was written as a contribution to the debate about morality in 1888. The principal persons who appear in the novel is Lucie, Gerner and Mrs. Rejnertson.

The novel is about Lucie. She marries a lawyer, Theodore Gerner. Lucie come from the proletariat, but by marrying she becomes a part of bogerskabet. Here she is fine among women - although she herself is considered to be indecent because of her past. Lucie has had lovers before Gerner. For that reason, would like friendship onto Lucie, with the exception of a woman named Mrs. Rejnertson. Lucie is very poor to adapt to the norms contained in citizenship.

The theme is struck in the first chapter where they are introduced Lucie and Theodor. Lucie has been pregnant before she met Theodor and has lived with other men. Theodor has been married but is now a widower. Theodor is very jealous and is therefore in a dilemma whether he should marry Lucia in order to ensure that she is entirely his or her leave because he can not stand the idea that she has been with other than him. He can not do without her and decides to marry her, "No, there was no other advice, it had become to it that he married her. It was so that he could not do without her "(p. 18 line 29-31).

You get introduced properly to Mrs Rejnertson when Lucie is on visit to her. Mrs. Rejnertson is a very gifted widow. Her brother is a priest. He does not like Lucie and tells her it indirectly by pointing out how good a book "a glove". When Mrs Rejnertson is an eloquent lady she takes Lucien party and defend her.

Conflict escalation occurs slowly Lucie can not figure out how to behave decently in his marriage. The entire chamber over one day when they are on visit to a lady, Mrs Dark. It is a very good company and Lucie do it temporary good. But when the upstairs neighbor, Mrs. Rejnertson comes down to it with his family who is dressed as jugglers, Lucie can not hide his enthusiasm. She will be offered up to dance by a young man, Lieutenant Rejnertson and thanks yes. This makes Theodor so jealous that he prefers Lucie from it, and here starts a so big that Lucie flees.

Theodor do not hear from her all night. When she comes home the next day she has been raped, but do not tell Theodor it.

Lucie decides to visit Mrs. Rejnertson. She took off without telling anything to Theodor. She will be welcomed by Mrs Rejnertson and her sister Henny. The next day they met Lieutenant Rejnertson, Knut. Lucia falls in love with him immediately. He gets life to hypnotize her and told her to come to him one evening, but what she does not know is that Knut same day suitor for Henny.

When Lucie gets home is Theodor, angry and cold towards her. But when he sees that she is pregnant, he is overjoyed. Lucie is pregnant, probably not with Theodore, but with the man who raped her.

A day comes Lieutenant Rejnertson visits and tells Lucie that he is engaged but Henny. Here breaks Lucien only current happiness together and she becomes vice-versa. This is the turning point. From then indulge Lucie to Christianity.

Climax is in childbirth when Lucie Feeder's child rape and death.

There are three important people in the novel. The first is Lucie.

Lucie has before Theodor, was engaged with a mate and became pregnant with him. Fortunately the child was stillborn. Then she moved to Christiania, and lived with Mr. Olsen, and after some time she became engaged to Theodore. Seen in that era, her eyes were past uforsømmelig. Lucie is very naive and did not think that it might be her fault that she ended up with such an unhappy past "And it was her fault, perhaps? Could she help that she was so beautiful that the men could not la bli 'her? "(P. 12 line 2-5).

Lucie is very childlike in her and Theodore conditions. The first time you are introduced to both of them, save Lucie to him. Since Theodor finds her, she says, "You thought so little, I was not here!" (P. 14 line 17-18). It is very innocently saying such, only a child can find to say a sentence like this. Lucien childishness makes her too blind to gender roles "Lucie lifted his head, grabbed him with both hands around the waist, put forward to help the stomach and hipsed him up from the floor, as she said:" Søte fantetrolle my lovely! I may facilitate you and carry you, just tufuse with you, I'm so GLA ', then GLA', then GLA 'in you "(p. 15 line 12-17). Here take Lucie to even the freedom to play with gender roles. It was certainly not the chaste and humble behavior of a bourgeoisie woman should live by.

Because of Lucien's past, as proletarian woman, she is not educated by the standards which are in citizenship. It can be seen clearly that Lucie has difficulty adapting to the standards: Lucie follows a morning her husband at work. It has snowed so there is smooth. Lucie and Theodor go and enjoy themselves so well that Lucie boldly come to greet a passer-man. Since Theodor points her bad habits, "says Lucie" Oh well it was that happened to noe, you could keep a criminal sermon - otherwise you would probably miss ha noe. Not true Theodor "(p. 38 line 20-22). It was very rude to answer her husband again.

It tolerates women lity any emotions, but in a nice visit with Mrs. Dark comes Mrs Rejnertson visiting with his family, who are dressed like jugglers. Here lucie not control his enthusiasm, "No, see, see Mrs Lund! Lucie was so animated that she simply took Mrs Lund's arm and pointed to a harlequin who walked on his hands between the armchairs "(p. 88 line 6-9). After the drag Mrs grove back and says to one of the other wives "she gives me quite well" (p. 88 line 14). Here are clear that even if Lucie has been a part of citizenship by marrying Theodor, perceive their circle of her still as a working-class woman - not just by this company. When people talk about Lucie is not just nice things they say about her: We're talking Mr. and Mrs. Dark together. Mrs. Dark finds it so offensive that Theodor has married a carnival girl that she thinks that they can not treat him any more, "God where are the wicked! Yes, for now, can we not associate with him any more ... You will surely not compel me to associate with that sort of man? "(P. 26 line 1-11). While lucie old acquaintances consider her as an easily accessible sex objects. Lucie decides one day to visit his old friend, Mrs. Nilsen, but when she arrives here Mrs Nilsen visits from Lucien old together live. He has no respect for that she was married. Mr. Olsen is very intrusive and when Lucie will take his boots, he insist on making it to her "Oh my God, here we have 'a course again the uskyldi'e small pusselanken her: he exclaimed with delight and affection represented with her hands footing "(p. 60 line 28-30).

Lucien joy and childishness abates as she gets injured to the road. She undergoes a development. When she finally becomes so disappointed that Lieutenant Rejnertson not gængælder her love, she surrenders herself to the faith "repent to God and give the world an awful good day. Di could have the world, who is wanted for her, she had gotten enough of it "(p.164 lines 8-11). Lucie has abandoned hope of a better life and would rather live the last time in God's protective hands. Lucie knows that she must die, and she is not sorry "Well now the time came, and she would" lie ", so she probably died, and she would anywhere" (p. 164 lines 5-6). In the subsequent time will Lucie distance and eventually dies.

The other person is Theodor.

Theodor is a widower and has previously been married to Mrs Rejnertsons sister. He meets Lucia in the carnival and later decides to woo her. He is sexually attracted to her zest for life and sexuality "... But the joy, Lucien caresses gave him was something else entirely. Just to be near her, seeing her hand or foot, or when she lay in bed and stretched out the lovely bare arms up after him - it was to be lunet of "(p. 19-20 Line 35 -- 3).

Theodor is a good image of contemporary man "... I had the rest expected to find you in bed. You know, I would rather be when I come so late "(p. 14 line 24-26). Here is clearly seen how gender roles are distributed. It is expected that the woman must wait on the man.

Theodor spend most of their marriage to be mad and punish Lucie for the errors she makes. Theodor had held a play tonight for him and some other men. Here, he thinks that Lucie again behaved indecently. She had been loud and laughter, instead of sitting quietly and modestly. He scolds Lucie off and humiliate her for her behavior, "I told you before, and asked you to fit you, but now conjures in you just as well, and feel more and more into the es for each glass. And the clothes you do not feel in your es "(p. 35 line 25-29). After he is cold and unresponsive. He began to read a book and ignore Lucie although she tries to apologize. Only when she begs him crying and asking for forgiveness, he gives the following "... Then she went and lay down on her knees in front of Theodor bed, stroking him gently on his hand and whispered," Oh, it's wicked, Theodor, you should ha so much grief by me "... He moved the book did not move again. Lucie continued to caress his hand and repeating the same words as she bønfalende looked up into his face. Then she bent over his hand and moved his lips on to it, so that eventually was not a spot on the entire manuscript, she had not kissed ... "(p. 35-36 lines 36-9). Lucie must submit to him completely until he becomes good again. These rages and punishments taken during their marriage.

As Lucie, the day she feels Theodor at work, come to greet a man she does not know, Theodor become so sour that he did not talk to her for several days, she was drunk and trying to forget it and attaches itself to sleep on their couch. Only next morning when she literally throws herself down at the feet of him, he forgives her "... Lucie rushed toward him and threw platform onto the floor as she broke out in a high-pitched crying, begging and trygled him for forgiveness ..." (p. . 73 line 16-18). This cold is just a facade as he draws upon to educate Lucie accordance with the standards of the bourgeoisie women should live by. When he sees her lying full and sleeping on the couch thinking he "is lovely ... she take her in his arms and carry her into bed." He takes himself to do it because it will reduce the effect of his sentence "... But then he remembered that he did not ruin the matte effect of punishment ..." (p. 71 line 29-34).

To continue their real losses until Theodor finds out that Lucie is pregnant. Here he is clearly changing behavior "If you had told me, Lucie. Then I had better able to understand and very many of you who have frightened me. I'd worn more with you if I had known it "(p. 155 line 32-35).

Theodor will eventually overbæren with her and keeps her hand on her deathbed.

The last one is Mrs Rejnertson.

Mrs. Rejnertson - Karen - is a widow, she is initially described as the only one of Lucien and Theodore circle of friends who will welcome Lucie "But Mrs Rejnertson was then at any rate. She would take toward her with open arms ... "(p. 29 line 28-39).

Mrs. Rejnertson is very gifted. She can discuss on equal footing with his brother Frederick, who is a pastor. It was not normal that women were taught and could answer from him. Frederick advocates glove morality which Mrs Rejnertson saying "Suppose it complied Derre lord handskepratet ... I, for it is surely meant that preferably it should, it must surely do not just hang there and be ideal right? But then, men stayed from all saan't for the customer to marry, for up to thirty years old, and I expect something not even all bachelor with, they would certainly be so drained by all the creature that they never went in cairn away and married. Why should they ta the burden of marriage on her once they had done so long "(p. 49 line 9-20). This shows Mrs Rejnertsons intellektualitet. She is clearly against the glove morality.

Mrs. Rejnertson out as the only non distance from Lucien's past, but have pity on her, saying she just out to Lucie, "I believe it to them both, and I want Di to know once and for all that your so-called historical units are not a thorn in my eyes ... "(p. 50 line 18-21).

Karen takes away from the existing morale of men and women are not equal, and men do not have to be abstinent before marriage. It shows both her by telling Lucie that she sees her past as reprehensible, and be indifferent to the norms kept women in a straitjacket. "As I turn on a cigarette" (p. 45 line 29).

In the novel, there is only one person who could be attractive to identify with, it is Mrs Rejnertson. Amalie Skram has chosen to manufacture Mrs Rejnertson sympathetic to emphasize that it is her positions to represent Amalie Skram. She uses Mrs. Rejnertson representational. Mrs. Rejnertson denounces glove morality, free love, and the established civil marriage and not even have any love or suitor, but still seems happy. From what I have assume that it is also Amalie Skram's position on morality feud. Here I can guess that she is setting aside the sexuality and thought that there are more important things than that.