Purpose
The purpose of this study, and dertilhørend e report is to determine the influence of alcohol on cell membrane properties. A relate is also to determine whether you can make a baked beetroot in the microwave.
Koehler's Medicinal-Plants 1887
Theory
Cell membrane structure and function
Already the first organisms on Earth, it was essential to have a cell membrane, which could work in many different ways: preservation, maintenance of the spacious structure, transport of molecules in and out of, provision of internal environment and ionsammensætning and a clear delineation of what is intra-and extracellular. But while there has been a big increase from the first procaryoter who often have only a single membrane, the more developed organisms cells in their cytoplasm has a lot of membrane systems, all with specific functions.
The basic structure is quite similar for all. A double lipidlag composed of phospholipids, Glycolipids and cholesterol which are embedded proteins, often glycoproteins. Phospoholipider consists of a nonpolar hydrophobic end and a strong polar, hydrophilic end. They are thus amphiphilic, and thus form the hydrocarbon isolated from the aqueous phase a stable hydrophobic structure. On the other hand, the hydrophilic portion is formed hydrogen-ion dipolbindinger which fastens it to the water phase. In this way formed a flashed glass structure where the molecules in the two layers are oriented with the hydrocarbon chains against each other, and the polar groups towards the water phase.
Another important feature is that a double lipidlag will never provide "free edges", ie. that the structures are formed will always be three-dimensional and spacious, and stabilized in this way by curve back into itself.
Cell membrane is the cell kontaktorganel externally, and therefore contains specific transport systems that regulate passage out of and into the cell of the low molecular weight substances which are not or only difficult to penetrate the lipid phase.
Membranes are very dynamic structures, ie. that the lipids form the basic structure and they are semi-liquid at normal temperatures. Therefore lipidmolekylerne and the proteins that are built get into those moving relative to each other, however, only "sideways" in the membrane plane.
Lipiddobbeltlaget gives the explanation of most of the passive membrane properties, while it is especially proteins, allowing the membranes to their special character. Membrane proteins, for example. plasma membrane has many functions, for instance. reception of signals from the outside, transports across the membrane, enzyme function, adhesion (to other cells or the surrounding matrix), etc. These functions are carried out mainly by the so-called trans-membrane proteins. Trans-Membrane Proteins ne has a portion of the amino acid chain present on the outside of the cell, a portion of the membrane and part inside the cytoplasm. Polypeptidkæden of many trans-membrane proteins crosses also mem branes several times. Another group of pro-proteins, peripheral proteins are less tightly linked to the membrane, for example. by binding to transmem brane proteins. Many enzyme systems are built into the membranes where they lie as aggrega ter of molecules in the membrane plane.
Permeability of cell membranes
Cell membrane or plasma membrane, surrounding the cell, and acts in this way to keep track of uddiffusion of solutes in cytoplasm. Such barriers efficiency increases with the size of the dissolved molecule, and is particularly effective against ions (ie water soluble), while uladede molecules with very little Molar mass pass easily, such as oxygen and water. Plasma membrane is mechanically more stable than the cell's internal membranes. This is due to its high content of cholesterol that increases the sum of nonpolar attraction in the membrane lipid phase. This means that the membrane becomes less stiff in the cold and less fluid in heat.
At normal temperature, lipid phase liquid, which is very important for the biological membrane function. The degree of membranfluiditet closing out depends on the amount of polar flour lipids between hydrocarbon chains into the membrane hydrophobic interior. Long hydrocarbon and / or get crack (double bonds) in chains with low fluidity, whereas short chains and many crack alone will increase fluiditeten. Both bacteria and eukaryotic cells regulate membranfluiditet by changing the amount of double bonds.
Alcohol and its influence on cell membranes
In our experiments where we use a beetroot as an illustration of the influence of alcohol cell membrane. In beetroot cells is different cavities and vacuole, and in one of these is an aqueous solution containing the dye betacyanin which gives beetroot its characteristic color. Since this is an aqueous solution, it would under normal circumstances could not penetrate the cell membrane, but in theory should make alcohol cell membrane so that the liquid substance will penetrate. Alcohol, or ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is composed of two parts, one end is the alcohol group-OH (hydroxyl) and the other end consisting of an ethyl group. What is special about alcohol two parts is that they each represent a hydrophobic and a hhydrofil part (again, an amphiphilic). Alcohol group is hydrophilic and therefore will not come into contact with lipidlaget in the cell membrane, it will ethyl group, however. And when this is sitting in the cell membrane, but can not penetrate (see lipofobe part), this group will attract each other, and thus heeling membrane, so that many ion channels banked and made unusable, which will result in an inability to to regulate the passage of ions, including Na + and K +.
Short on spectrophotometer
The method we measure the absorption of light, performed with a known spectrophotometer. Such a device works by sending the light in a specific frequency through a small glass cuvette. This light will then penetrate, the cuvette, where it has not been absorbed by beetroot dye. In other words, the more dye is flowing through the beetroot cell membranes, the more light will be absorbed.
Method
As mentioned before, alcohol, in theory, make the membrane more elastic, and thus alter the permabiliteten to various substances. In this study, it will be reflected in a leakage of the dye betacyanin which could be measured here is therefore a quantitative study.
The experiment begins with the beetroot is cut into pieces of 1.1.2 cm. I and you cut it into pieces, you will come to mechanically cut a lot of cells, and from these will trickle out betacyanin. For this not to be counted in the alcohol, accounting, due beetroot until no more color flows out. They will obviously result in the water, because you do not want to destroy more cells. Then added rødbedeternene at its measuring glass with an alcohol solution at 0%, 10% ... 60%. It must lie in 10 minutes while stirring. Then they made up and placed in the spectrophotometer (see theory) and the results written down.
Materials
7 beaker
Spectrophotometer
Ethanol 96%
Beetroot
Pommes Frites Iron
Hypothesis
The hypothesis of this experiment will be as follows: In the solution with 0% ethanol, we should not be able to measure any leakage of dye (ie no absorption of light), however, a small error here may be acceptable, since we can not be absolutely sure that all the color was washed away in the first treatment, and while you can during the treatment of beetroot, during the trial, come to further harm cells. From 10% solution up to 60%, we expect a linear increase.
Results
This follows a graphic illustration of the results:
We can see from the graphs of the results that it start with (0% solution) is an absorption of 0.014. From this measurement, and to dissolution with 50% alcohol, the curve rises steadily with a variation of 0.00045 to 0.0027 (under certain solution from 0-10 and 30-40). Then increases the resolution from 50 to 60 with the entire 0021, which is also on the graph gives the expression in a major upswing. The black line is drawn in, indicate the hypothetical curve, which is basically a leakage of 0 by 0% and the end result we assume comes up at the last measurement indicates.
Discussion
The first one could see from the experiment and this was so before the spectrophotometer was being used was that there was a leakage of dye location. Then we could draw the curve of the results (see above), but it does not fit perfectly with the hypothetical curve. Part of this discrepancy can be explained by two of the points is a bit crooked. The first point that should in theory be zero since water should not be able to get beetroot cell membrane to be amended so that the color could escape. This error may be due to two things: There may have been sitting a little color back after cleaning, or more of the cells are mechanically damaged, either by shaking or washing. The second point which looks suspiciously off it is from the final solution of 60%. Here, we should theoretically see an increase of within the aforesaid area increase from 0.00045 to 0.0027, but it rises only slightly less than ten times more than what lies within the growth area. However, one can say that they pull out these two sources of error from, and draws a line through the first 6 measurements are those at a very nice bar, with a real increase. Another thing about the experiment, which may lead to list of sources of error, is the fact that not all the beetroot pieces are alike. In order to perform the test the best possible one should use the exact same piece of beetroot, but this is of course very nature impossible. The difference in the various pieces lies in the fact that they are taken from different areas of the fruit. The inner pieces were likely to contain less dye, since these cells are older and more severe (ie more structural stiffening body or per. Cell, and therefore less room for vacuole with farveholdig fluid), and the outer is more fresh, and could therefore be expected to include more color.
The experiment shows us that alcohol is crystallized in the beetroot cell membrane and cause a leak. However, one aspect that makes the sometimes insignificant compared to the human condition: You have to be a part of fins to have so much finsprit blood! We're talking in the experiment on a percentage alkoholdel at 40-50 and 60%. This is similar to all identical fluid should have the same strength as strong spirits (Gin, whisk (ey) (y), etc.). When you talk about alcohol in the human organism, we are a maximum of up to 5 ‰. And when we're talking about thousandths (meaning per mille, per. Thousand) it is considered ethanol equivalent to 1 grams per 1000 grams of blood. We will now count the following equation to show how much one must drink to reach beetroot level:
Basically you have to know the person's weight, and thus the person's total body water, as alcohol will partition into this, it is estimated that 55% of the women's weight is water where it is in men is 68%.: A man of 80 kg. Will drink as much as beetroot did by 40% solution: (x = 27)
X represents here the amount of alcohol to be consumed (in mL) and 0.8 indicates the weight of alcohol has. 80 which is in the denominator is the person's weight and multiply that by 0.68, to find out how much of the person (male) weight is fluid. Since we would find a ratio of 40, this equals a BAC of 400 which is the equation result set in. The result says 27,200 mL, which is 27.2 liters of pure alcohol, you would drink other than alcohol, such as a schnapps at 40%, this corresponds to (calculated to 68)
So 68 liters. Is this also for the strong to the subject he could drink beer: (calculated for 1792)
So 1792 bottles of beer, of 33 cl and 4.6%. These arithmetic is only to illustrate that there are percentages will be found in a human. One can also say that if the experiment could be directly transferred to humans, the effects of alcohol would be far more drastic than they really are. A leak of several intracellular molecules would be fatal. But even in small amounts of alcohol can have severe effects. Alcohol works as through its effect on cells as married, so in large quantities, it is even said that it may cause damage to various organs in the body: here is aimed mainly at the liver and pancreas, but also the brain can suffer heavy. In addition, alcohol is addictive, and in Denmark there are approximately 200,000 alcohol abusers, and 1000 people died in Denmark of alcohol abuse. (though this is nothing compared to Russia, where alcohol directly threaten the country's future!)
A typical reaction to alcohol is the body reigns slower than usual. This can be explained, again, from alcohol as the cell membrane. Neurons which in brief is the nervous system's basic building blocks, consisting of a cell body with a nucleus, one or more runners dendrites which receive signals from sensory organs or other nerve cells and a thin end AXON which the cell is in contact with other nerve cells through special links synapses. When a neuron is a cell like so many others, including cells from a beetroot fruit body, this is also encapsulated by a cell membrane. And in this sit many important proteins, including transport proteins for Na + and K + which is used when a signal is sent from a sensory cell to its target site in the brain. Alcohol will change the structure of the cell, and heeling it so that either can not be transported ions in and out or to ions themselves can get in and out. In this way the nerve cells do not maintain an artificially high concentration of one of the two ions, and thus can not spread nerve signal further. This explains why one's sensory apparatus works more slowly, and also why our pain perception is another.
Delforsøget (see purpose) is performed by beetroot thoroughly washed and pricked a hole with a fork in several places on the skin. This is so that the steam from beetroot can easily escape. In the microwave got beetroot 10 minutes. The result was surprisingly good, so now we know that you can not necessarily be low oven baked root vegetables in a conventional oven.
Conclusion
We can conclude from the experiment that alcohol makes it through the cell membrane which are described in the theory section, and this we can conclude from the results which clearly pointed to a leakage of beetroot dye betacyaning. In addition, with our hypothesis up in the first 6 measurements, and the last measurement and the relatively large leakage at 0% we assume is due to the aforementioned sources of error.
tirsdag den 24. maj 2011
About Moss
"The 72nd plate from Ernst Haeckel's Art Form der Natur (1904), depicting organisms classified as Muscinae"
Purpose
The purpose of this study and associated report is to determine Sphagnum recording of different nutrients, and thus illuminate the different terms relating nutrient, however, the plants without roots.
Theory
Brief description of moss:
Genesis is a very artsrig group of plants which have the Latin name BRYOPHYTA - which in short means that they have no roots - which includes more than 26,000 species. And with so many different species of moss, their distribution is also great. They are found all over the globe, as long as a few criteria are met. There will be limited amounts of sunlight (not because they do not use sunlight, but because of increased sunlight allows increased evaporation), and so they require a relatively humid environment. The first criterion, with little sunlight seen fairly clearly. In the northern hemisphere can be on the north side of the trees look more moss than on the other side - which clearly indicates that the first criterion, which just says that the more sunlight, the more evaporation, thus worsening living conditions for moss are. In the southern hemisphere is the complete opposite is happening, and finally, at the equator and in forests with little sunlight moss on both sides of the trees.
Mosser, along with mushrooms, some of the first plants on earth - ie. approximately 1 billion years old, and all this time they have had ample time to artsdifferenciere and adapt to Earth's various environments. Very roughly speaking, one can say that plants and creatures of many species are old (for example, there are over 100,000 species of fungi and insects is more than ¾ of all animals on the planet). Mosser has not changed evidently much in their lifetime, suggesting that the basic "design" works quite well. They are today considered to be relatively simple plants, and one of the reasons for this view is their propagation. (Plant Life)
Mossers reproductive / fertility:
Most plants are diploid, so that they have two sets of chromosomes, each containing the same genetic material in their cells, this is not the case with mosses and other bryophytes, for that matter, is the haploid, meaning that they have only A single set of chromosomes. However, there are periods in mossens life cycle where it is diploid, but this is only during / after fertilization of the plant. The plant begins its life as a track (1) (which is often unicellular body of asexual reproduction in plants without flowers, such as ferns, mosses and fungi.) This is borne by the wind to a place it can fasten themselves. Here it will then form a so-called protonema (2), which is the first stage of plant life, but no true leaves. From there it will then further develop (3), and begin producing small shoots with leaves on, and slowly spreading to a larger and larger "might" of moss. Then the plant will produce sex organs (4) who will then make sexual reproduction, then when fertilized create a "bud" a so-called Sporophyte (5) of spores which spread again and the cycle continues - it must be said that just peat moss in addition to the gendered, also can reproduce asexually by simple division (mitosis). (Plant Life)
Sphagnum:
Sphagnum is just a group of many thousands of different species of moss. Just this type are usually found in the northern hemisphere, and here are the many places. In small and not too strong, streams, small lakes and ponds, meadows / heat. Sphagnum has historically been used for a variety of purposes. That which is most famous for is really the dead sphagnum which slowly becomes peat, which burns well, why these deposits of dead sphagnum because it grows at the top, but the door at the bottom. This were used extensively in the mid 1800s when the country was bankrupt, the fleet lost, and it all went bad in general. Then in 1866 started the visionary Mr Dalgas DDH, and destroyed much of the Danish heathland. Nowadays you would use it most to surbundsbede with eg rhododendron - and of course to make good Scotch whiskey with water running through the unit, and thus through several layers of peat moss, which gives the whiskey its golden color and flavor. (Jackson)
Inclusion of nutrients:
As I mentioned earlier, has no roots of mosses, but they absorb nutrients and water directly through plant cells, then throughout plantemembranen. Ie where normal vascular plants uptake of nutrients is a form of two-stage rocket (they must both liberate nutrients which sits tied for jordkolloiderne, and then incorporate them), this does not peat moss, they may just the last part, since nutrients ( which, however, generally are not too many in Sphagnum communities) are freely dissolved in water. When they must absorb these nutrients requires energy, since the concentration of salts within the plant is many times larger, it can not be achieved by simple diffusion, but there must be energy. Plants absorb the salts follows (applies to both vascular plants and mosses):
1: When the plant must incorporate the essential nutrients as potassium, magnesium, calcium and ammonium, this is done by creating a spændingsgradient between the plant interior and the exterior around it. This is done by separating protons (H +). And secretion of these occurs via the so-called ATP-ase complexes taking place in the plant cell membrane. Here, ATP is used to split water (H2O) to H + which is sent out from the cell, and OH-which are returned. But the fact that not all positively charged atoms migrate into the cell, which sits on the membrane transport proteins, such as allowing K + to wander into. They say that this transport is facilitated because it does not directly require energy, and this even though there is energy used to create spændingsgradienten. One could imagine that the free protons which had just been pumped out of the proton pump just would hurtle back, but the membrane is not permabel to protons, even if there is a big difference in concentration.
2: In and created a large potential difference and the negative part is inside the cell, leaving important nutrients such as NO3-, SO42-did not attract. These substances have planted a system known as symport. As I mentioned in the above, the free protons do not migrate through the membrane, but with an anion to the good. That is, it binds to one of the nutrients which have a negative charge. However, there is still a specific transport protein to shut down the molecule into. Again, the exchange of H + by the ATP-ase complex.
What is special about peat moss is that when it secretes protons there is nothing they can bind to (as opposed to the land where they can bind to jordkolloider), and that acidifies the water. Since it is precisely measure the concentration of H +, pH value is lower however, with this result the formula for calculation:-log [H +]. So you will in all these environments where moss grows find that the surrounding water has a low pH.
Purpose
The purpose of this study and associated report is to determine Sphagnum recording of different nutrients, and thus illuminate the different terms relating nutrient, however, the plants without roots.
Theory
Brief description of moss:
Genesis is a very artsrig group of plants which have the Latin name BRYOPHYTA - which in short means that they have no roots - which includes more than 26,000 species. And with so many different species of moss, their distribution is also great. They are found all over the globe, as long as a few criteria are met. There will be limited amounts of sunlight (not because they do not use sunlight, but because of increased sunlight allows increased evaporation), and so they require a relatively humid environment. The first criterion, with little sunlight seen fairly clearly. In the northern hemisphere can be on the north side of the trees look more moss than on the other side - which clearly indicates that the first criterion, which just says that the more sunlight, the more evaporation, thus worsening living conditions for moss are. In the southern hemisphere is the complete opposite is happening, and finally, at the equator and in forests with little sunlight moss on both sides of the trees.
Mosser, along with mushrooms, some of the first plants on earth - ie. approximately 1 billion years old, and all this time they have had ample time to artsdifferenciere and adapt to Earth's various environments. Very roughly speaking, one can say that plants and creatures of many species are old (for example, there are over 100,000 species of fungi and insects is more than ¾ of all animals on the planet). Mosser has not changed evidently much in their lifetime, suggesting that the basic "design" works quite well. They are today considered to be relatively simple plants, and one of the reasons for this view is their propagation. (Plant Life)
Mossers reproductive / fertility:
Most plants are diploid, so that they have two sets of chromosomes, each containing the same genetic material in their cells, this is not the case with mosses and other bryophytes, for that matter, is the haploid, meaning that they have only A single set of chromosomes. However, there are periods in mossens life cycle where it is diploid, but this is only during / after fertilization of the plant. The plant begins its life as a track (1) (which is often unicellular body of asexual reproduction in plants without flowers, such as ferns, mosses and fungi.) This is borne by the wind to a place it can fasten themselves. Here it will then form a so-called protonema (2), which is the first stage of plant life, but no true leaves. From there it will then further develop (3), and begin producing small shoots with leaves on, and slowly spreading to a larger and larger "might" of moss. Then the plant will produce sex organs (4) who will then make sexual reproduction, then when fertilized create a "bud" a so-called Sporophyte (5) of spores which spread again and the cycle continues - it must be said that just peat moss in addition to the gendered, also can reproduce asexually by simple division (mitosis). (Plant Life)
Sphagnum:
Sphagnum is just a group of many thousands of different species of moss. Just this type are usually found in the northern hemisphere, and here are the many places. In small and not too strong, streams, small lakes and ponds, meadows / heat. Sphagnum has historically been used for a variety of purposes. That which is most famous for is really the dead sphagnum which slowly becomes peat, which burns well, why these deposits of dead sphagnum because it grows at the top, but the door at the bottom. This were used extensively in the mid 1800s when the country was bankrupt, the fleet lost, and it all went bad in general. Then in 1866 started the visionary Mr Dalgas DDH, and destroyed much of the Danish heathland. Nowadays you would use it most to surbundsbede with eg rhododendron - and of course to make good Scotch whiskey with water running through the unit, and thus through several layers of peat moss, which gives the whiskey its golden color and flavor. (Jackson)
Inclusion of nutrients:
As I mentioned earlier, has no roots of mosses, but they absorb nutrients and water directly through plant cells, then throughout plantemembranen. Ie where normal vascular plants uptake of nutrients is a form of two-stage rocket (they must both liberate nutrients which sits tied for jordkolloiderne, and then incorporate them), this does not peat moss, they may just the last part, since nutrients ( which, however, generally are not too many in Sphagnum communities) are freely dissolved in water. When they must absorb these nutrients requires energy, since the concentration of salts within the plant is many times larger, it can not be achieved by simple diffusion, but there must be energy. Plants absorb the salts follows (applies to both vascular plants and mosses):
1: When the plant must incorporate the essential nutrients as potassium, magnesium, calcium and ammonium, this is done by creating a spændingsgradient between the plant interior and the exterior around it. This is done by separating protons (H +). And secretion of these occurs via the so-called ATP-ase complexes taking place in the plant cell membrane. Here, ATP is used to split water (H2O) to H + which is sent out from the cell, and OH-which are returned. But the fact that not all positively charged atoms migrate into the cell, which sits on the membrane transport proteins, such as allowing K + to wander into. They say that this transport is facilitated because it does not directly require energy, and this even though there is energy used to create spændingsgradienten. One could imagine that the free protons which had just been pumped out of the proton pump just would hurtle back, but the membrane is not permabel to protons, even if there is a big difference in concentration.
2: In and created a large potential difference and the negative part is inside the cell, leaving important nutrients such as NO3-, SO42-did not attract. These substances have planted a system known as symport. As I mentioned in the above, the free protons do not migrate through the membrane, but with an anion to the good. That is, it binds to one of the nutrients which have a negative charge. However, there is still a specific transport protein to shut down the molecule into. Again, the exchange of H + by the ATP-ase complex.
What is special about peat moss is that when it secretes protons there is nothing they can bind to (as opposed to the land where they can bind to jordkolloider), and that acidifies the water. Since it is precisely measure the concentration of H +, pH value is lower however, with this result the formula for calculation:-log [H +]. So you will in all these environments where moss grows find that the surrounding water has a low pH.
A little about: Peter Andreas Heiberg
PA Heiberg was born in Vordingborg in 1758 and first began his career in the late Enlightenment (1680 to around 1800). Father was headmaster of a grammar school but died when Heiberg was 2nd Therefore, his mother moved the children to his father who was a priest. There they lived until Heiberg himself was in grammar school. Here he was graduated in 1774. In 1777 he took the great philological exam. In 1779 he left Copenhagen, allegedly because of gambling debts. He traveled to Sweden to be a soldier. Eighteen years later frikøbte his family, his service and he, after a brief stay in Uppsala, to Bergen. Here lived his uncle and he was here the next three years. In Bergen Heiberg met many writers who inspired him to want to write something. Since Heiberg came back to Copenhagen, he used his language skills to get work as an interpreter. He also translated "Eusebius, or whatever fruit harvesting of virtue in our time" which was made by the French writer Jean-Charles Laveaux. This work is also critical towards the upper class and therefore safely choose Heiberg to publish it anonymously. Heiberg married, in 1970, with the 16 year-old Thomasine.
The Vietnam war
The Vietnam war is one of the best documented war. This is partly due to the war, many edges and contradictions, where one of the biggest was the attempted clandestine war and so the blatant, and sometimes paradoxical, the presence of journalists and cameramen. And just the fact that the United States on several occasions tried to keep the war many dark sides hidden from the public helped the war went so wrong as it did. "You can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time, but you can not fool all the people all the time" This quote is from former U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, and it describes exactly what U.S. presidents had forgotten during the Vietnam War - but perhaps it is because the very fact that there had never been journalists on the spot.
Vietnam war until 1968
The United States was before 2nd World on brink of national bankruptcy. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was partially rescued the country out of this crisis, and his 13-year presidential term, he also managed the country through the war itself. America came out of the war stronger than ever, and with an indomitable optimism. [1] And just two years after the U.S. had engaged in the Cold War. England supported the British-led monarchy in Greece, against communism, but could not afford to maintain support, so when the Brits asked President Truman (for Roosevelt) for support, he mobilized the American people in a magnificent speech - what became known as Truman doktrien. U.S. should support countries against totalitarian regimes and the Soviet Union had pressed until it is either "... collapse or gradually softened." [2] In the years 1953-1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower was president. In this and the next time there was a constant race between the major powers the United States and the Soviet Union, and they did not fight directly against each other, but fought many battles around the world to annoy each other as much as possible [3]. So in light of this, and with moral support from the Truman-Eisenhower doktrien presented a theory that went under the name "Domino theory". It was in its simplicity out that if a country in Indochina fell to communism, just as the rest would fall, as dominoes [4]. The U.S. had always been negative attitude towards the Geneva Act [5], and signed it is not. The political constituencies in the United States feared the impact it would have to sign an agreement on the transfer of 13 million people to communist domination, they sought instead to stand freely with respect to future solutions. Already in 1954, the U.S. government in planning a policy which would ensure Indochina after a model where Ho Chi Minh [6] got northern Vietnam. Vietnam was like a whole in a difficult position, it could on the one hand become enveloped in the embrace of communism, or be an important key position for an American ally - and thus a potential base for U.S. forces. Meanwhile, sydvietnameseren Ngo Dinh Diem became prime minister in South Vietnam and the United States annexed close ties with him, and stood for building a wobbly regime.I 1961 called U.S. Fitzgerrald first man John Kennedy. He was, and remains, the youngest president has been introduced, he was a Catholic and a democrat, and was seen by many as an idealistic and visionary savior figure. Wonderful boy is he even been called by many. Kennedy was a great supporter of Truman, and also understood the reality and significance of Eisenhower's domino theory. But Kennedy was not much to engage actively in a war that would draw large nations like the Soviet and China. So instead of sending troops to Vietnam, he sent money and military advisers. Sydvietnameserne be militarily self-sufficient. And the plan worked. Both Diem wavering support from the people and casualties among the FNL [7] increased dramatically. But casualties among the FNL led to retaliatory attacks became more and more brutal. And this led to increased support in the form of weapons, funding and personnel. In the years 1961-63, the number of advisors from around. 2000 to ca. 14,000 [8] On 1 November 1963 Diem was removed from power by a coup, not by the FNL, but the South Vietnamese military, which removed both Diem and his brother, and murdered them brutally. In the following years had South Vietnam 7 different military "president" which created great instability in the country, as these new leaders did not have popular support but U.S. support did they do. After Diem's death was the clear choice for Kennedy. He could either step up to regulate the military forces or advisers pull out and start peace negotiations. Kennedy never got to make his choice. Just 21 days after Diem was assassinated, he was himself shot in the street in Texas. Until not many years ago did not know what the USA's first man would have done, but Robert S. McNamara [9] makes clear in his memoirs what he believes Kennedy would have done: "I think it highly probable that, had President Kennedy lived, he would have pulled us out of Vietnam. He would have concluded that the South Vietnamese were incapable of Defending themselves [and therefore not worth sacrificing American lives in another country's war] ... "[10] As vice president under Kennedy, it was Lyndon Baines Johnson, who took over the presidential seat warm. Johnson was himself re-elected shortly after the elections of 64, with one of America's highest votes ever, more than 60%. Had it not been for the Vietnam War brindled mediate after Johnson was gone down in history as one of America's best presidents. [11] But it is not his many reforms that made him famous, it was said that his continuation of the Vietnam War. Johnson was well aware that South Vietnam, and thus the U.S. would lose the war if there were not decisions. Johnson had two main dilemmas. Either he would let the whole Vietnam become communist - which he wanted when he was in principle in favor of McCarthy's ideas [12], but on the other hand, he dared not increase the U.S. forces [13] because this would give the opposition among the American population. So he went to elections with the promise to continue Kennedy's populist policy of only supporting with no match strengths. He won as written the above, but it was happening in Vietnam was a whole different story that was unknown to the public and the press. In 1965 Johnson decided to escalate the number of U.S. forces in Vietnam, called the Americanization of the first game was around 185,000 [14] man posted. This came as a recognition that Operation Rolling Thunder [15] could not stop the supplies along the Ho Chi Minh trail [16] and that the war in general did not go as they wished. This should be one of the turning points of war, responsibility for the conduct of the war now lay on American shoulders. Immediately after posting McNamara traveled to Vietnam to assess the feasibility and future. Not everyone agreed with his findings: "..." indicates that we win the war. "He said this fact. My view was, however, that nothing of what I had experienced [...] indicated that we were about to beat Vietcong. [...] McNamara rain stick-fighters may have devised precise indices by which one could measure the unmeasurable "[17]. In the years up to 1968 by the American forces sharply intensified, and had its climax in 1968 when over 550,000 Americans were stationed. But Americans were not the result closer to winning, as Ho Chi Minh put it: "If the tiger does not stop fighting the Elephant, the Elephant will die of exhaustion." [18] indicating that they would only go on fighting, although the large U.S. force was present, and that eventually, if they could not beat the American well-oiled military machine would simply tired suffice. It turned out later that he had to get right, and although he was not there to experience it. [19]
[1] Gyldendals U.S. history, Erling Bjøl, p. 498 [2] The opinion of the diplomat George F. Kennan [3] United States gave massive troops in the Dominican Republic (65) and the Soviet Union crushed a reform movement in Czechoslovakia (68). [4] American Presidents, p. 285f. [5] An agreement by trying to find a peaceful solution in Indochina (French) and Korea. [6] Ho Chi Minh 1890-1969, Communist leader of North Vietnam [7] North Vietnam's southern army acronym for the Front National de Liberation, French and means the country's Liberation Front, North Vietnam's second regular army was called PAVN People's Army of Vietnam. Common name for both: Vietcong (U.S.) [8] Vietnam - from drawing to justify, p. 58 [9] Robert Strange McNamara b. 1916, American administrator and politician (Defense), and good friend of Kennedy [10] In retrospect, Robert S. McNamara, p. 96 [11] American Presidents, p. 295 [12] Various sources: Nudansk lexicon, Gyldendals U.S. history [13] There was a real increase in forces since Kennedy had secretly deployed 1,000 marines . [14] Vietnam - from drawing to justify, p. 71f. [15] The air war against North Vietnam, with carpet bombing, initiated as a result of the attack on the U.S. base at Pleiku that killed nine Americans. [16] FNL important forsyningssti which went south through Vietnam, and even into Laos and Cambodia [17] One line in the sand, Colin Powell, p. 99 [18] Wikiquote - part of the Wikipedia [19] Ho Chi Minh died in years 1969th
Photo by U.S. soldiers at Tra Hung Doa. Photo by Bryan Grigsby.
Analysis of the Tet offensive conduct
In the years up to 1968 as the war worse than ever, as mentioned before, the crew has increased sharply, to over half a million young Americans [1], but the situation was still out of control and episodes of pure civilian slaughter such as occurred in town My Lai, decreased support for the war to an unseen low. And in the U.S. as in the rest of the world people began to demonstrate against the war. And it would not be better. Official sources from the defense had assured the American people that the war would soon end. Especially Gen. William Westmoreland was convinced that the United States in a year or two could leave the war to Sydvietnameserne themselves [2]. On 31 January dropped the Vietnamese lunar New Year, the Vietnamese called this Tét Nguyen Ðán, often called Tet. North and South had in that of the Vietnamese (both North and South) major holiday established a ceasefire, the Tet Truce. But it was not respected by the North Vietnamese forces. They began to feast days of violent attacks against over 100 cities in South Vietnam. Americans are known only to the FNL's guerrilla war in the woods and the countryside, and figured therefore generally cities for safe area, but on this day attacks over 85,000 men, organized in small groups with good equipment. This was completely new to the U.S. - but U.S. forces were able nonetheless to have defeated the attacks after a few hours in most places. It is, however, shook the Americans most was seeing footage of the attacks in the streets of Saigon and the subsequent public executions of Vietcong partisans. The Americans had to hide in their embassy, and fighting in the city of Saigon itself lasted the whole three dage.Generalen for the North Vietnamese forces, Vo Ngyen Giap, had as main objective to awaken a genuine peoples revolt, so that the whole of Vietnam would fight together against the United States. This success, however, but he convinced however that his troops were not strong enough to keep any of the towns they had attacked, and while part of the great loss - it is estimated that over 50,000 lost their lives, to U.S. 1500. However, Ho Chi Minh said the following: "You can kill 10 of my but for every one I kill of yours, yet even at those odds, you will lose and I will win." [3] A South Vietnamese reports were present in the city of Saigon, and witnessed the attack, her report to an English newspaper reads as follows (after Vietcongstyrkerne in Saigon): "... they opened them [the camera] up with power and ordered that there would cook for them [...] because Vietnamese elite forces, hunters and soldiers, Marines, went to counterattack, Vietcong dug trenches inside people's homes, and forced them to become [...] women were forcibly compelled to carry the wounded out [ ...] burned the houses to cover their retreat "[4] Here we have a seemingly reliable source, since she herself was present, however, I am a bit skeptical. She is sydvietnameser and therefore wants the U.S. to become, so it could with reasonable suspicion, believing she would dramatize a bit of history, to create sympathy for his people.
The significance of the attacks
Both parties then Tet Offensive as a victory. The Americans acknowledged that they had been taken by surprise, but justified it, saying that despite everything, had signed a peace agreement for the day. But despite this, they proved unable to defeat the invaders. North Vietnam then it also as a victory because they showed that the U.S. had no control over the rural areas - but we must now say that it was primarily a failure as they lost many strengths, and also did not attract people to live the revolution had hoped . It must be said that the Tet Offensive in the U.S. media was described as a defeat for the U.S. and that it indicated the start of their final and inevitable nederlag.Samtidig was support declined further and are now beginning political life also require that U.S. troops were pulled out. This, and the lack of military performance was Lyndon B. Johnson in a televised speech on 31 March, to announce that among other Operation Rolling Thunder was stopped, and that was to begin peace talks. He also announced and many surprise that he would not stand for president in next year (1969).
Presidential election - changing times?
As mentioned earlier asked Johnson not up for reelection, the Democrats were desperate. They had two candidates, their trump card was Robert Kennedy, JF Kennedy's brother. He was a champion of the blacks' rights, but shortly after it became known that he would run, he was shot at an election rally in California. [5] As their candidate was Johnson's former vice president, Hubert Humphrey, and he appealed to the people with his friendly personality and the fact that he had been vice president. Republicans favored re Richard Milhouse Nixon, who reminded people that he had been vice president for a period of 8 years, without American participation in the war (under Eisenhower). And with an extremely well-oiled campaign, he won the election with a narrow victory. 43.4% versus 42.7%. [6] In my opinion, Humphrey lost only because he failed to take sufficient distance to Johnson's war in Vietnam.Nixon also went to the election to escalate American activity in Vietnam, his so-called vietnamiseringspolitik [7] was implemented. The important thing for Nixon was not to pull out of war so they would lose face to the outside world and thus their position as a superpower would be questioned in the future. But just as Johnson had done what he did not entirely his election promises, but had a secret plan, like so much else, was kept secret from the press: "I call it the Madman Theory. I want the North Vietnamese to Believe I've reached the point where I might do anything to stop the war. We'll just slip the word to them that, for God's sake, you know Nixon is obsessed about Communism. We can not restrain him when he's angry - and he has his hand on the nuclear button - and Ho Chi Minh himself will be in Paris in two days begging for peace. " [8] Nixon did so the same as Eisenhower had done in Korea - a direct threat of nuclear weapons. This plan was never realized, partly thanks to Henry Kissinger, Nixon's security advisor. But as mentioned Nixon would do much to pull out without losing face. Then he ordered the secret aerial bombardment of the neutral Cambodia, where it believed Ho Chi Minh trail went through - this was partly done to stop the supplies, but also so the U.S. could pull out, while the press focused on a series of attacks. This was no success and could not be kept secret from the press. Then he deployed ground forces in both Laos and Cambodia again, which once again triggered massive demonstrations - but this time it cost a demonstration in Ohio four students lives. After Cambodia Offensive Nixon declared that America would pull out of Vietnam, and South Vietnamese troops would take over the actual war service. And this time he kept his promise. By the end of 1971, the number of troops reduced to 140,000 [9], the lowest number in seven years.
At the same time in secret and in parallel with no contracting Paris peace agreements, made crucial peace talks between Kissinger and North Vietnamese Le Duc Tho officer [10], and even Richard Nixon paid a historic visit to Peking and Moscow, and was at these meetings, the two Communist superpowers to reduce their aid to North Vietnam, and this was North Vietnamese to the negotiating table in Paris. And the United States and North Vietnam came to a peace agreement, but South Vietnam President Thieu would not agree to the agreement. This made the situation much worse. This will be the perfect way for the U.S. to pull out of the war, and thus does not stand as a loser in the war, but because Nixon wanted a peace deal he could use during the upcoming election. This led Nixon to order the most powerful bombing of North Vietnam, the Christmas bombings - Operation Rolling Thunder "had resumed - and he also specifically for the big city Hanoi. This resulted in large civilian as well as military losses to the NFL, which forced them to the Paris negotiating table again, and here was an agreement finally signed on 23 1973.Den January 13th August left the country last American soldiers, who now had to fend for themselves. But even if peace agreements were signed by the parties would not surrender without a fight. In year 1974, it was a genuine civil war, and it was announced that both sides had violated the ceasefire. [11] The NFL made its last offensive action, Ho Chi Minh Campaign, which in just 45 days [12] completely by more than 30 years long war, the date was 30 April 1975. The country was united with the total of Communist rule, with headquarters in Saigon, which was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.
[1] The average age of an American soldier was just 19 years. Vietnam - from drawing the tiger, p. 74 [2] The New York Times, "The 'Wobble on the War on Capitol Hill," 17 December 1967 [3] Wikiquote - part of the Wikipedia [4] Vietnam - from drawing to justify, text 32, p. 82F. [5] Nudansk Lexicon [6] American Presidents, p. 310 Gyldendals U.S. history, s.592f. [7] Policy which match the load gradually be given to SV itself, which would be 150,000 troops out immediately, and about 20,000 each month in subsequent years. [8] Wikiquote - part of the Wikipedia [9] Gyldendals U.S. history, p. 594 [10] They were both later Nobel Peace Prize for their work [11] concluded that the international monitoring committee, set up as a result of the Paris Agreements [12] short time, partly due that the South Vietnamese army was in a moral solution.
Discussion of the U.S. presence, and subsequent war in Vietnam
Now that the war had been over, the Americans demanded the bill: thirty years had elapsed from the Truman doktiren the war could finally finish - the longest war the U.S. had ever been involved in. Six presidents the country had enjoyed, including one killed, and another who had the first in American history [1] resign early. 58,191 Americans had died, including more than 25,000 in the period after the 1968th Another dramatic figures, the number of wounded Americans, 153,303 - which, like the rest of the war was a tremendous economic or social burden for posterity. Three million Americans served in Vietnam. Something completely different, in contrast to the social damage and problems more easily done up, the price of war: 120 billion dollars was estimated to cost. But it was still a substantial amount of the Americas, and it really would have been able to afford the war, but this would have demanded that President Johnson had to take important economic reforms in their home country - he lacked courage. In memoriam of this costly war was seen in the late '70s, when inflation drove, and the dollar weakened sharply. The result was that there was corroded heavily on the U.S. gold reserves and balance of payments deficit reached record with 30 billion dollars. [2]
War on the correct basis?
The issue of U.S. presence, and subsequent regular warfare is a very controversial topic in American politics. The whole affair must be considered within the context of the Cold War and the American fear of communism spread and the hegemony. But one aspect which is also essential in the matter, is Americans' lack of understanding of Asian politics, and general insight into the Communist regimes. A serious mistake, and perhaps a central reason why the war went so wrong as it did. This lack of insight was a direct result of the Joseph McCarthy communist persecution, or as he would have said, persecution of "un-American activities" [3]. In the period after the 2nd World War, many American officers trained as "Communist experts", but these were later scared away so that the U.S. lacked intelligence and knowledge. And this was just the starting point for many errors. Among others, there was broad agreement in the Kennedy administration that the two communist giants, the Soviet Union and China, both would work together to strengthen North Vietnam in their struggle for the establishment of Communist rule. This was not proper. Soviet and China looked at each other as enemies on equal footing with the United States. The reason for this difference is due to the two driven vision of each other. Communism in the Soviet had been introduced in very short time, and built its foundation on workers. In China, it was different here was communism was introduced after decades of struggle, and had its roots among the peasants. Thus, there was an internal power struggle between the two to support North Vietnam, but at the same time and in as much discomfort to the neighboring country. North Vietnam did the wisdom of trying to balance this power game, so that it benefited both countries support. But the U.S. had been a diplomatic mission from the outset, and discussed the situation with the Soviet and China to the whole affair might have been avoided. [4] Another fatal issue not examined was the open question of whether it was the same kind of communism North Vietnam sought, which was represented by the Soviet or Chinese? Nationalism was the U.S. in many places misinterpreted as real kommunisme.Som indicated in my first quote from Colin Powell, was expressed that the U.S. fought this war to protect the home, and generally for "freedom-loving people everywhere". If you look away from the point of view and strategic advantage in having a close ally in an otherwise communist-dominated area, is really not many reasons to start such a massive war as the Vietnam War ended up being. There are very few natural riches of the country, therefore, no minerals, fuels, etc.. So as the starting point must be noted that the fear of Communism spreading was oprigtig.Men has said as much divided on the war. Many prominent politicians in the U.S. believe today that the case was justified. They conclude that, had it not been for U.S. intervention would be Soviet and China have spread to the rest of Asia and India, and possibly the Middle East where they would try to gain control over oil producing countries. We know little about whether such plans have existed since many of the former Soviet archives are still secret for offentligheden.Set in hindsight it is easy to judge and say what was done wrong: the lack of a proper set targets for war, intelligence, lack of effort to win "Hearts and Minds" of the people, the underestimation of nationalism, etc.. But then the question arises, can we use this knowledge about the Vietnam war error to anything today? And the answer must obviously be yes, and it was even used. In the first Iraq war put the United States for not repeating the same mistakes, it was the first genuine American war since the Vietnam War precisely, and none of the same mistakes may be repeated. Therefore, the goals clearly defined, which was initially deployed substantial forces, and the whole operation started 17th January with airstrikes and ground forces were then deployed, pulled Iraq out of Kuwait just two days later [5]. But today we turn our gaze on Iraq once again. Another war between Iraq and the U.S., and it begins more and more like Vietnam again. In the period up to Saddam's captured the operation went smoothly, the large proportion of people backed up and had mastered it. But the aim of the operation was successfully stood many of the remaining troops without proper goal, which just blew the flames of extremism that America was out of Iraq. So in this war perpetrated many of the same mistakes which were committed during the Vietnam War.
[1] American Presidents, p. 309 [2] Gyldendals U.S. history, p. 595ff. [3] Nudansk Encyclopedia [4] Sources from various locations, primarily Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect, chapter 11: "The Lessons of Vietnam" [5] Nudansk Encyclopedia
United States as the world's policeman?
"We do not have the God-given Right to shape every nation in our own image or as we choose" [1] Yet it is precisely what the U.S. does in many parts of the world, especially in the later post-Cold War times. This is partly due to the U.S., although knowing that the cold war was effectively over in the middle 80s, have found it difficult to adapt. Then it was the fear of the spread of communism, now it's terrorism and dictatorships around the world who stand for skud.Grunden to the U.S. was looking forward roaring as they were in the period after the 2nd World War II was that as one of the few nations came out of the war with a strengthened economy, and the world's largest military machine, and they felt that they should use this power to shape the world a better place. They did so partly because they were able to do so, however one must remember that many of the places the U.S. has involved itself in, has real interest. And it's probably also what we are today is partly trying to achieve in the EU a power to influence our surroundings, and the Maastricht Treaty [2], we just moved closer to this mindset - we would like to see ourselves as an alternative to U.S. superpower hegemony in the region, whether we would be a better one, will have missed on my part.
It has generally been difficult for Europeans to understand the U.S. senimperialistiske policy and quest to play "international police". In our view, later reinforced under Bush's current government, many Americans see the world in black and white. Good and evil. "You are either with us or you are against us" [3]. But thus creating a central issue in the debate about U.S. intervention in world chaos. We will basically not have them as our protectors, and think well of us, among other things the EU can manage ourselves and manage international conflicts, but when it really is bad, to inform our gaze to the west, and counts on U.S. intervention as we have done it so many times before. For example, when Iraq attacked Kuwait, the civil war in Yugoslavia, Somalia (see the cinematic image top), Haiti, Burundi, Armenia and the list goes on [4]. It is these wars and disturbances which were partly overshadowed by the Cold War, but continued without the world looking at them, and it's wars and rebellions by those in the Third World which has claimed 40 million deaths [5] in the past 45 years. And it is in conflict as they have informed NATO in particular look at America. By this I do not think it is always fair and reasonable, but we need only in our criticism of U.S. imperialism remember that it is often ourselves who have asked them to be our protectors.
[1] Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect, p. 323 [2] Policy on general uniformity in European thought, as in the safety of political views. [3] George Walker Bush, State of the Union Address (21 September 2001) [4] Leksikon.org [5] Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect, p. 324
C ONCLUSIONS
Tet Offensive which was North Vietnam's surprise attack of over 100 major cities in central and southern Vietnam, and almost all military bases controlled by U.S. or South Vietnamese forces in the winter of the 1969th offensive was a crucial test of strength for both parties, and must be seen as one, no-cost, victory for the North Vietnamese liberation movement. The attack was not the major influence in the war zone, the losses for the U.S. was limited, but the unique importance was the battle was at home. The images of the fighting in Saigon streets shook the government, and was Lyndon B. Johnson to withdraw as a candidate topic for the upcoming elections. It shook the whole image of the United States was close to victory, a victory which had been promised by many American official and generals. The episode served to compel the U.S. to the negotiating table, and was seen by many as the beginning of the end of the war. But I would not put too much importance in the attack alone, in my opinion it should be viewed with the useless bombing during "Operation Rolling Thunder" and many other episodes, as summed got Nixon to introduce vietnamiseringspolitikken, and thus allowed a final at war.
The war in Vietnam was the American side partly misinterpreted as a war between them and communism, but today we'll see it more as an independent nationalist action without much connection to the Soviet or Chinese. Since South Vietnam allies itself with the United States, North Vietnam realized that they had to get outside help, and there stood the Soviet and China ready. And if you look at the reasons for it, we must, as mentioned earlier sincere faith in their intentions, to save the world from communist domination, and dissemination.
Bibliography / Sources:
"American presidents" - Frank Mannesmann - 2001 - Aschehough. "A line in the sand" - Colin Powell (Autobiography) - 1995 - Holkenfeldt. "Gyldendals U.S. history" - Erling Bjøl - 2002 - Gyldendal. "In Retrospect" - Robert S. McNamara (Eng.) - 1995 - Times Books. "Vietnam - fra drage til tiger" - Peter Frederiksen - 1996 - Systime. "Politikens nudansk leksikon" - redaktion - 2002 - Politikens forlag
Vietnam war until 1968
The United States was before 2nd World on brink of national bankruptcy. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was partially rescued the country out of this crisis, and his 13-year presidential term, he also managed the country through the war itself. America came out of the war stronger than ever, and with an indomitable optimism. [1] And just two years after the U.S. had engaged in the Cold War. England supported the British-led monarchy in Greece, against communism, but could not afford to maintain support, so when the Brits asked President Truman (for Roosevelt) for support, he mobilized the American people in a magnificent speech - what became known as Truman doktrien. U.S. should support countries against totalitarian regimes and the Soviet Union had pressed until it is either "... collapse or gradually softened." [2] In the years 1953-1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower was president. In this and the next time there was a constant race between the major powers the United States and the Soviet Union, and they did not fight directly against each other, but fought many battles around the world to annoy each other as much as possible [3]. So in light of this, and with moral support from the Truman-Eisenhower doktrien presented a theory that went under the name "Domino theory". It was in its simplicity out that if a country in Indochina fell to communism, just as the rest would fall, as dominoes [4]. The U.S. had always been negative attitude towards the Geneva Act [5], and signed it is not. The political constituencies in the United States feared the impact it would have to sign an agreement on the transfer of 13 million people to communist domination, they sought instead to stand freely with respect to future solutions. Already in 1954, the U.S. government in planning a policy which would ensure Indochina after a model where Ho Chi Minh [6] got northern Vietnam. Vietnam was like a whole in a difficult position, it could on the one hand become enveloped in the embrace of communism, or be an important key position for an American ally - and thus a potential base for U.S. forces. Meanwhile, sydvietnameseren Ngo Dinh Diem became prime minister in South Vietnam and the United States annexed close ties with him, and stood for building a wobbly regime.I 1961 called U.S. Fitzgerrald first man John Kennedy. He was, and remains, the youngest president has been introduced, he was a Catholic and a democrat, and was seen by many as an idealistic and visionary savior figure. Wonderful boy is he even been called by many. Kennedy was a great supporter of Truman, and also understood the reality and significance of Eisenhower's domino theory. But Kennedy was not much to engage actively in a war that would draw large nations like the Soviet and China. So instead of sending troops to Vietnam, he sent money and military advisers. Sydvietnameserne be militarily self-sufficient. And the plan worked. Both Diem wavering support from the people and casualties among the FNL [7] increased dramatically. But casualties among the FNL led to retaliatory attacks became more and more brutal. And this led to increased support in the form of weapons, funding and personnel. In the years 1961-63, the number of advisors from around. 2000 to ca. 14,000 [8] On 1 November 1963 Diem was removed from power by a coup, not by the FNL, but the South Vietnamese military, which removed both Diem and his brother, and murdered them brutally. In the following years had South Vietnam 7 different military "president" which created great instability in the country, as these new leaders did not have popular support but U.S. support did they do. After Diem's death was the clear choice for Kennedy. He could either step up to regulate the military forces or advisers pull out and start peace negotiations. Kennedy never got to make his choice. Just 21 days after Diem was assassinated, he was himself shot in the street in Texas. Until not many years ago did not know what the USA's first man would have done, but Robert S. McNamara [9] makes clear in his memoirs what he believes Kennedy would have done: "I think it highly probable that, had President Kennedy lived, he would have pulled us out of Vietnam. He would have concluded that the South Vietnamese were incapable of Defending themselves [and therefore not worth sacrificing American lives in another country's war] ... "[10] As vice president under Kennedy, it was Lyndon Baines Johnson, who took over the presidential seat warm. Johnson was himself re-elected shortly after the elections of 64, with one of America's highest votes ever, more than 60%. Had it not been for the Vietnam War brindled mediate after Johnson was gone down in history as one of America's best presidents. [11] But it is not his many reforms that made him famous, it was said that his continuation of the Vietnam War. Johnson was well aware that South Vietnam, and thus the U.S. would lose the war if there were not decisions. Johnson had two main dilemmas. Either he would let the whole Vietnam become communist - which he wanted when he was in principle in favor of McCarthy's ideas [12], but on the other hand, he dared not increase the U.S. forces [13] because this would give the opposition among the American population. So he went to elections with the promise to continue Kennedy's populist policy of only supporting with no match strengths. He won as written the above, but it was happening in Vietnam was a whole different story that was unknown to the public and the press. In 1965 Johnson decided to escalate the number of U.S. forces in Vietnam, called the Americanization of the first game was around 185,000 [14] man posted. This came as a recognition that Operation Rolling Thunder [15] could not stop the supplies along the Ho Chi Minh trail [16] and that the war in general did not go as they wished. This should be one of the turning points of war, responsibility for the conduct of the war now lay on American shoulders. Immediately after posting McNamara traveled to Vietnam to assess the feasibility and future. Not everyone agreed with his findings: "..." indicates that we win the war. "He said this fact. My view was, however, that nothing of what I had experienced [...] indicated that we were about to beat Vietcong. [...] McNamara rain stick-fighters may have devised precise indices by which one could measure the unmeasurable "[17]. In the years up to 1968 by the American forces sharply intensified, and had its climax in 1968 when over 550,000 Americans were stationed. But Americans were not the result closer to winning, as Ho Chi Minh put it: "If the tiger does not stop fighting the Elephant, the Elephant will die of exhaustion." [18] indicating that they would only go on fighting, although the large U.S. force was present, and that eventually, if they could not beat the American well-oiled military machine would simply tired suffice. It turned out later that he had to get right, and although he was not there to experience it. [19]
[1] Gyldendals U.S. history, Erling Bjøl, p. 498 [2] The opinion of the diplomat George F. Kennan [3] United States gave massive troops in the Dominican Republic (65) and the Soviet Union crushed a reform movement in Czechoslovakia (68). [4] American Presidents, p. 285f. [5] An agreement by trying to find a peaceful solution in Indochina (French) and Korea. [6] Ho Chi Minh 1890-1969, Communist leader of North Vietnam [7] North Vietnam's southern army acronym for the Front National de Liberation, French and means the country's Liberation Front, North Vietnam's second regular army was called PAVN People's Army of Vietnam. Common name for both: Vietcong (U.S.) [8] Vietnam - from drawing to justify, p. 58 [9] Robert Strange McNamara b. 1916, American administrator and politician (Defense), and good friend of Kennedy [10] In retrospect, Robert S. McNamara, p. 96 [11] American Presidents, p. 295 [12] Various sources: Nudansk lexicon, Gyldendals U.S. history [13] There was a real increase in forces since Kennedy had secretly deployed 1,000 marines . [14] Vietnam - from drawing to justify, p. 71f. [15] The air war against North Vietnam, with carpet bombing, initiated as a result of the attack on the U.S. base at Pleiku that killed nine Americans. [16] FNL important forsyningssti which went south through Vietnam, and even into Laos and Cambodia [17] One line in the sand, Colin Powell, p. 99 [18] Wikiquote - part of the Wikipedia [19] Ho Chi Minh died in years 1969th
Photo by U.S. soldiers at Tra Hung Doa. Photo by Bryan Grigsby.
Analysis of the Tet offensive conduct
In the years up to 1968 as the war worse than ever, as mentioned before, the crew has increased sharply, to over half a million young Americans [1], but the situation was still out of control and episodes of pure civilian slaughter such as occurred in town My Lai, decreased support for the war to an unseen low. And in the U.S. as in the rest of the world people began to demonstrate against the war. And it would not be better. Official sources from the defense had assured the American people that the war would soon end. Especially Gen. William Westmoreland was convinced that the United States in a year or two could leave the war to Sydvietnameserne themselves [2]. On 31 January dropped the Vietnamese lunar New Year, the Vietnamese called this Tét Nguyen Ðán, often called Tet. North and South had in that of the Vietnamese (both North and South) major holiday established a ceasefire, the Tet Truce. But it was not respected by the North Vietnamese forces. They began to feast days of violent attacks against over 100 cities in South Vietnam. Americans are known only to the FNL's guerrilla war in the woods and the countryside, and figured therefore generally cities for safe area, but on this day attacks over 85,000 men, organized in small groups with good equipment. This was completely new to the U.S. - but U.S. forces were able nonetheless to have defeated the attacks after a few hours in most places. It is, however, shook the Americans most was seeing footage of the attacks in the streets of Saigon and the subsequent public executions of Vietcong partisans. The Americans had to hide in their embassy, and fighting in the city of Saigon itself lasted the whole three dage.Generalen for the North Vietnamese forces, Vo Ngyen Giap, had as main objective to awaken a genuine peoples revolt, so that the whole of Vietnam would fight together against the United States. This success, however, but he convinced however that his troops were not strong enough to keep any of the towns they had attacked, and while part of the great loss - it is estimated that over 50,000 lost their lives, to U.S. 1500. However, Ho Chi Minh said the following: "You can kill 10 of my but for every one I kill of yours, yet even at those odds, you will lose and I will win." [3] A South Vietnamese reports were present in the city of Saigon, and witnessed the attack, her report to an English newspaper reads as follows (after Vietcongstyrkerne in Saigon): "... they opened them [the camera] up with power and ordered that there would cook for them [...] because Vietnamese elite forces, hunters and soldiers, Marines, went to counterattack, Vietcong dug trenches inside people's homes, and forced them to become [...] women were forcibly compelled to carry the wounded out [ ...] burned the houses to cover their retreat "[4] Here we have a seemingly reliable source, since she herself was present, however, I am a bit skeptical. She is sydvietnameser and therefore wants the U.S. to become, so it could with reasonable suspicion, believing she would dramatize a bit of history, to create sympathy for his people.
The significance of the attacks
Both parties then Tet Offensive as a victory. The Americans acknowledged that they had been taken by surprise, but justified it, saying that despite everything, had signed a peace agreement for the day. But despite this, they proved unable to defeat the invaders. North Vietnam then it also as a victory because they showed that the U.S. had no control over the rural areas - but we must now say that it was primarily a failure as they lost many strengths, and also did not attract people to live the revolution had hoped . It must be said that the Tet Offensive in the U.S. media was described as a defeat for the U.S. and that it indicated the start of their final and inevitable nederlag.Samtidig was support declined further and are now beginning political life also require that U.S. troops were pulled out. This, and the lack of military performance was Lyndon B. Johnson in a televised speech on 31 March, to announce that among other Operation Rolling Thunder was stopped, and that was to begin peace talks. He also announced and many surprise that he would not stand for president in next year (1969).
Presidential election - changing times?
As mentioned earlier asked Johnson not up for reelection, the Democrats were desperate. They had two candidates, their trump card was Robert Kennedy, JF Kennedy's brother. He was a champion of the blacks' rights, but shortly after it became known that he would run, he was shot at an election rally in California. [5] As their candidate was Johnson's former vice president, Hubert Humphrey, and he appealed to the people with his friendly personality and the fact that he had been vice president. Republicans favored re Richard Milhouse Nixon, who reminded people that he had been vice president for a period of 8 years, without American participation in the war (under Eisenhower). And with an extremely well-oiled campaign, he won the election with a narrow victory. 43.4% versus 42.7%. [6] In my opinion, Humphrey lost only because he failed to take sufficient distance to Johnson's war in Vietnam.Nixon also went to the election to escalate American activity in Vietnam, his so-called vietnamiseringspolitik [7] was implemented. The important thing for Nixon was not to pull out of war so they would lose face to the outside world and thus their position as a superpower would be questioned in the future. But just as Johnson had done what he did not entirely his election promises, but had a secret plan, like so much else, was kept secret from the press: "I call it the Madman Theory. I want the North Vietnamese to Believe I've reached the point where I might do anything to stop the war. We'll just slip the word to them that, for God's sake, you know Nixon is obsessed about Communism. We can not restrain him when he's angry - and he has his hand on the nuclear button - and Ho Chi Minh himself will be in Paris in two days begging for peace. " [8] Nixon did so the same as Eisenhower had done in Korea - a direct threat of nuclear weapons. This plan was never realized, partly thanks to Henry Kissinger, Nixon's security advisor. But as mentioned Nixon would do much to pull out without losing face. Then he ordered the secret aerial bombardment of the neutral Cambodia, where it believed Ho Chi Minh trail went through - this was partly done to stop the supplies, but also so the U.S. could pull out, while the press focused on a series of attacks. This was no success and could not be kept secret from the press. Then he deployed ground forces in both Laos and Cambodia again, which once again triggered massive demonstrations - but this time it cost a demonstration in Ohio four students lives. After Cambodia Offensive Nixon declared that America would pull out of Vietnam, and South Vietnamese troops would take over the actual war service. And this time he kept his promise. By the end of 1971, the number of troops reduced to 140,000 [9], the lowest number in seven years.
At the same time in secret and in parallel with no contracting Paris peace agreements, made crucial peace talks between Kissinger and North Vietnamese Le Duc Tho officer [10], and even Richard Nixon paid a historic visit to Peking and Moscow, and was at these meetings, the two Communist superpowers to reduce their aid to North Vietnam, and this was North Vietnamese to the negotiating table in Paris. And the United States and North Vietnam came to a peace agreement, but South Vietnam President Thieu would not agree to the agreement. This made the situation much worse. This will be the perfect way for the U.S. to pull out of the war, and thus does not stand as a loser in the war, but because Nixon wanted a peace deal he could use during the upcoming election. This led Nixon to order the most powerful bombing of North Vietnam, the Christmas bombings - Operation Rolling Thunder "had resumed - and he also specifically for the big city Hanoi. This resulted in large civilian as well as military losses to the NFL, which forced them to the Paris negotiating table again, and here was an agreement finally signed on 23 1973.Den January 13th August left the country last American soldiers, who now had to fend for themselves. But even if peace agreements were signed by the parties would not surrender without a fight. In year 1974, it was a genuine civil war, and it was announced that both sides had violated the ceasefire. [11] The NFL made its last offensive action, Ho Chi Minh Campaign, which in just 45 days [12] completely by more than 30 years long war, the date was 30 April 1975. The country was united with the total of Communist rule, with headquarters in Saigon, which was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.
[1] The average age of an American soldier was just 19 years. Vietnam - from drawing the tiger, p. 74 [2] The New York Times, "The 'Wobble on the War on Capitol Hill," 17 December 1967 [3] Wikiquote - part of the Wikipedia [4] Vietnam - from drawing to justify, text 32, p. 82F. [5] Nudansk Lexicon [6] American Presidents, p. 310 Gyldendals U.S. history, s.592f. [7] Policy which match the load gradually be given to SV itself, which would be 150,000 troops out immediately, and about 20,000 each month in subsequent years. [8] Wikiquote - part of the Wikipedia [9] Gyldendals U.S. history, p. 594 [10] They were both later Nobel Peace Prize for their work [11] concluded that the international monitoring committee, set up as a result of the Paris Agreements [12] short time, partly due that the South Vietnamese army was in a moral solution.
Discussion of the U.S. presence, and subsequent war in Vietnam
Now that the war had been over, the Americans demanded the bill: thirty years had elapsed from the Truman doktiren the war could finally finish - the longest war the U.S. had ever been involved in. Six presidents the country had enjoyed, including one killed, and another who had the first in American history [1] resign early. 58,191 Americans had died, including more than 25,000 in the period after the 1968th Another dramatic figures, the number of wounded Americans, 153,303 - which, like the rest of the war was a tremendous economic or social burden for posterity. Three million Americans served in Vietnam. Something completely different, in contrast to the social damage and problems more easily done up, the price of war: 120 billion dollars was estimated to cost. But it was still a substantial amount of the Americas, and it really would have been able to afford the war, but this would have demanded that President Johnson had to take important economic reforms in their home country - he lacked courage. In memoriam of this costly war was seen in the late '70s, when inflation drove, and the dollar weakened sharply. The result was that there was corroded heavily on the U.S. gold reserves and balance of payments deficit reached record with 30 billion dollars. [2]
War on the correct basis?
The issue of U.S. presence, and subsequent regular warfare is a very controversial topic in American politics. The whole affair must be considered within the context of the Cold War and the American fear of communism spread and the hegemony. But one aspect which is also essential in the matter, is Americans' lack of understanding of Asian politics, and general insight into the Communist regimes. A serious mistake, and perhaps a central reason why the war went so wrong as it did. This lack of insight was a direct result of the Joseph McCarthy communist persecution, or as he would have said, persecution of "un-American activities" [3]. In the period after the 2nd World War, many American officers trained as "Communist experts", but these were later scared away so that the U.S. lacked intelligence and knowledge. And this was just the starting point for many errors. Among others, there was broad agreement in the Kennedy administration that the two communist giants, the Soviet Union and China, both would work together to strengthen North Vietnam in their struggle for the establishment of Communist rule. This was not proper. Soviet and China looked at each other as enemies on equal footing with the United States. The reason for this difference is due to the two driven vision of each other. Communism in the Soviet had been introduced in very short time, and built its foundation on workers. In China, it was different here was communism was introduced after decades of struggle, and had its roots among the peasants. Thus, there was an internal power struggle between the two to support North Vietnam, but at the same time and in as much discomfort to the neighboring country. North Vietnam did the wisdom of trying to balance this power game, so that it benefited both countries support. But the U.S. had been a diplomatic mission from the outset, and discussed the situation with the Soviet and China to the whole affair might have been avoided. [4] Another fatal issue not examined was the open question of whether it was the same kind of communism North Vietnam sought, which was represented by the Soviet or Chinese? Nationalism was the U.S. in many places misinterpreted as real kommunisme.Som indicated in my first quote from Colin Powell, was expressed that the U.S. fought this war to protect the home, and generally for "freedom-loving people everywhere". If you look away from the point of view and strategic advantage in having a close ally in an otherwise communist-dominated area, is really not many reasons to start such a massive war as the Vietnam War ended up being. There are very few natural riches of the country, therefore, no minerals, fuels, etc.. So as the starting point must be noted that the fear of Communism spreading was oprigtig.Men has said as much divided on the war. Many prominent politicians in the U.S. believe today that the case was justified. They conclude that, had it not been for U.S. intervention would be Soviet and China have spread to the rest of Asia and India, and possibly the Middle East where they would try to gain control over oil producing countries. We know little about whether such plans have existed since many of the former Soviet archives are still secret for offentligheden.Set in hindsight it is easy to judge and say what was done wrong: the lack of a proper set targets for war, intelligence, lack of effort to win "Hearts and Minds" of the people, the underestimation of nationalism, etc.. But then the question arises, can we use this knowledge about the Vietnam war error to anything today? And the answer must obviously be yes, and it was even used. In the first Iraq war put the United States for not repeating the same mistakes, it was the first genuine American war since the Vietnam War precisely, and none of the same mistakes may be repeated. Therefore, the goals clearly defined, which was initially deployed substantial forces, and the whole operation started 17th January with airstrikes and ground forces were then deployed, pulled Iraq out of Kuwait just two days later [5]. But today we turn our gaze on Iraq once again. Another war between Iraq and the U.S., and it begins more and more like Vietnam again. In the period up to Saddam's captured the operation went smoothly, the large proportion of people backed up and had mastered it. But the aim of the operation was successfully stood many of the remaining troops without proper goal, which just blew the flames of extremism that America was out of Iraq. So in this war perpetrated many of the same mistakes which were committed during the Vietnam War.
[1] American Presidents, p. 309 [2] Gyldendals U.S. history, p. 595ff. [3] Nudansk Encyclopedia [4] Sources from various locations, primarily Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect, chapter 11: "The Lessons of Vietnam" [5] Nudansk Encyclopedia
United States as the world's policeman?
"We do not have the God-given Right to shape every nation in our own image or as we choose" [1] Yet it is precisely what the U.S. does in many parts of the world, especially in the later post-Cold War times. This is partly due to the U.S., although knowing that the cold war was effectively over in the middle 80s, have found it difficult to adapt. Then it was the fear of the spread of communism, now it's terrorism and dictatorships around the world who stand for skud.Grunden to the U.S. was looking forward roaring as they were in the period after the 2nd World War II was that as one of the few nations came out of the war with a strengthened economy, and the world's largest military machine, and they felt that they should use this power to shape the world a better place. They did so partly because they were able to do so, however one must remember that many of the places the U.S. has involved itself in, has real interest. And it's probably also what we are today is partly trying to achieve in the EU a power to influence our surroundings, and the Maastricht Treaty [2], we just moved closer to this mindset - we would like to see ourselves as an alternative to U.S. superpower hegemony in the region, whether we would be a better one, will have missed on my part.
It has generally been difficult for Europeans to understand the U.S. senimperialistiske policy and quest to play "international police". In our view, later reinforced under Bush's current government, many Americans see the world in black and white. Good and evil. "You are either with us or you are against us" [3]. But thus creating a central issue in the debate about U.S. intervention in world chaos. We will basically not have them as our protectors, and think well of us, among other things the EU can manage ourselves and manage international conflicts, but when it really is bad, to inform our gaze to the west, and counts on U.S. intervention as we have done it so many times before. For example, when Iraq attacked Kuwait, the civil war in Yugoslavia, Somalia (see the cinematic image top), Haiti, Burundi, Armenia and the list goes on [4]. It is these wars and disturbances which were partly overshadowed by the Cold War, but continued without the world looking at them, and it's wars and rebellions by those in the Third World which has claimed 40 million deaths [5] in the past 45 years. And it is in conflict as they have informed NATO in particular look at America. By this I do not think it is always fair and reasonable, but we need only in our criticism of U.S. imperialism remember that it is often ourselves who have asked them to be our protectors.
[1] Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect, p. 323 [2] Policy on general uniformity in European thought, as in the safety of political views. [3] George Walker Bush, State of the Union Address (21 September 2001) [4] Leksikon.org [5] Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect, p. 324
C ONCLUSIONS
Tet Offensive which was North Vietnam's surprise attack of over 100 major cities in central and southern Vietnam, and almost all military bases controlled by U.S. or South Vietnamese forces in the winter of the 1969th offensive was a crucial test of strength for both parties, and must be seen as one, no-cost, victory for the North Vietnamese liberation movement. The attack was not the major influence in the war zone, the losses for the U.S. was limited, but the unique importance was the battle was at home. The images of the fighting in Saigon streets shook the government, and was Lyndon B. Johnson to withdraw as a candidate topic for the upcoming elections. It shook the whole image of the United States was close to victory, a victory which had been promised by many American official and generals. The episode served to compel the U.S. to the negotiating table, and was seen by many as the beginning of the end of the war. But I would not put too much importance in the attack alone, in my opinion it should be viewed with the useless bombing during "Operation Rolling Thunder" and many other episodes, as summed got Nixon to introduce vietnamiseringspolitikken, and thus allowed a final at war.
The war in Vietnam was the American side partly misinterpreted as a war between them and communism, but today we'll see it more as an independent nationalist action without much connection to the Soviet or Chinese. Since South Vietnam allies itself with the United States, North Vietnam realized that they had to get outside help, and there stood the Soviet and China ready. And if you look at the reasons for it, we must, as mentioned earlier sincere faith in their intentions, to save the world from communist domination, and dissemination.
Bibliography / Sources:
"American presidents" - Frank Mannesmann - 2001 - Aschehough. "A line in the sand" - Colin Powell (Autobiography) - 1995 - Holkenfeldt. "Gyldendals U.S. history" - Erling Bjøl - 2002 - Gyldendal. "In Retrospect" - Robert S. McNamara (Eng.) - 1995 - Times Books. "Vietnam - fra drage til tiger" - Peter Frederiksen - 1996 - Systime. "Politikens nudansk leksikon" - redaktion - 2002 - Politikens forlag
Follows human evolution?
I recently had an elevated debate with a fellow professor from the University of Prague, on whether people follow evolution and its characteristics, or whether we say it has failed? I was, and is of the belief that man as such follows evolution in the sense that we think of continuing our / the species' genes, but in addition we are able, in several cases, to override this. Should we completely disregard the brutish demands to keep the family further, we would soon be a thing of the past, but as I said, I believe that we can perform actions which are either irrational or so obscure that they can not be pursued for the purpose of example, provide food which is an essential means t to put progeny in the world, and thus realize its genes, or we can withdraw from evolution by simply not having children. Just the last tanks differs fundamentally from the animal world. We see no animals are not trying to have offspring. So therefore I came to my mind and attitude, I suppose it's basically an attitude issue that we to some extent follows Evolution "laws" but that we are in relation to animals have far more parameters than just being good to obtain food. And we just by being able to question the idea of having children jump a level of animal evolution. As an example, I took the fact that today we are saving thousands of people in the animal world would not survive. In this way we ensure not only the best genes, but also the "weak", not survival talented genes. My opponent believes that this might be an advantage for the species as such and that we therefore, subconscious, yet follows natural laws. Where I believe that we have set ourselves over evolutionary race, and can use resources on things that do not promote our species survival and dissemination, such as helping the sick, making art, abstract and much more.
I will now come with a little thought experiment: It has a well-functioning, intelligent, young and women of childbearing potential. Was not she a woman, but a guinea pig, she would urgently find a mate and get some offspring. But she is not a guinea pig, and thus an expanded consciousness (we assume). She will then take the choice that she will not have children, but instead will devote himself tommelfingertrilleri, so she moves out into the deep Siberian forest and trills thumbs to his final days. This is not inconceivable strange, but nonetheless plausible. How could this woman's choices and opting out of keeping his excellent genes, could favor the species Homo sapiens sapiens (which also means "knowing / thinking person")?
We were unable to reach agreement, but stood by each our position. I menende that man with his consciousness has set itself above or outside of evolutionary patterns, and my opponent that everything we do is ultimately done to ensure the species.
I will now come with a little thought experiment: It has a well-functioning, intelligent, young and women of childbearing potential. Was not she a woman, but a guinea pig, she would urgently find a mate and get some offspring. But she is not a guinea pig, and thus an expanded consciousness (we assume). She will then take the choice that she will not have children, but instead will devote himself tommelfingertrilleri, so she moves out into the deep Siberian forest and trills thumbs to his final days. This is not inconceivable strange, but nonetheless plausible. How could this woman's choices and opting out of keeping his excellent genes, could favor the species Homo sapiens sapiens (which also means "knowing / thinking person")?
We were unable to reach agreement, but stood by each our position. I menende that man with his consciousness has set itself above or outside of evolutionary patterns, and my opponent that everything we do is ultimately done to ensure the species.
A little about: Alcohol
Intake of alcohol and the intoxication that comes with, in some countries are not allowed. This is because there are different cultural and religious settings to alcohol exposure. For example, according to the Qur'an not allowed to drink alcohol probably because people in the state of intoxication may have difficulty controlling his behavior. In contrast to the Muslim countries have in Russia an alcohol culture that generally accepts the consumption of such. vodka. There are often drink large quantities of alcohol on special occasions, and Russia has one of the highest alcohol consumption per capita in the world. In the Western world, including Denmark, who made efforts to reduce the consumption of alcohol. For example, it is customary to consume beer, wine and spirits banned in workplaces. The reason for the desire to reduce the consumption of alcohol is in the Western world based on the health damage from excessive alcohol intake.
In the old days alcohol was used as an anesthetic. It was not optimal for surgery, because the concentration of alcohol in the blood, eliminating the pain completely, is fatal. Use of alcohol as anesthetic was therefore a balance between the degree of removal of pain and the risk of a fatal dose. Today alcohol as anesthetic replaced by other chemical compounds.
Alcohol is used as a disinfectant because alcohol has a denaturing effect. As mentioned, alcohol has a denaturing effect on the fatty membranes but also on proteins. Denaturation means modification of a substance, so it loses its natural properties. Fat Membranes are vital to include microorganisms and thus can eliminate the risk of infection, for example. wiping handle on the toilets of alcohol. In many contexts, alcohol is now being replaced by other substances as a disinfectant.
One would think that alcohol is becoming yt, since alcohol consumption for consumption and the technical applications are declining. It is indeed just the opposite. It has for many years showed that alcohol could be used as fuel, but it was too expensive compared to gasoline produced from oil. Burning of fossil fuels provides a greater and greater levels of CO 2 in the atmosphere, which seems to give a global warming due to greenhouse effect. Alcohol can be produced by fermentation processes with grain and other crops instead of glucose. There now a widespread desire fuels, which are what is called "CO 2 neutral. That is, the inclusion of CO 2 when plants are grown after the same CO 2 released when the plants are fermented and the alcohol is burned off. More importantly, the rising price of oil much as alcohol produced by fermentation may soon be able to compete with gasoline.
Plants contain cellulose and other polymers, as yeast is difficult to break. The Danish factory Novozymes develops and produces enzymes for the processes for converting plant material into alcohol. Many European countries and the United States focuses on the development of advanced bio-processes for the manufacture of alcohol as biofuel. The Danish government has not given a clear signal of commitment to biofuels, but Novozymes in collaboration with Dong Energy, Energy Agency's Energy Research and Technical University of Denmark had established a pilot plant to produce ethanol through advanced processes.
In the old days alcohol was used as an anesthetic. It was not optimal for surgery, because the concentration of alcohol in the blood, eliminating the pain completely, is fatal. Use of alcohol as anesthetic was therefore a balance between the degree of removal of pain and the risk of a fatal dose. Today alcohol as anesthetic replaced by other chemical compounds.
Alcohol is used as a disinfectant because alcohol has a denaturing effect. As mentioned, alcohol has a denaturing effect on the fatty membranes but also on proteins. Denaturation means modification of a substance, so it loses its natural properties. Fat Membranes are vital to include microorganisms and thus can eliminate the risk of infection, for example. wiping handle on the toilets of alcohol. In many contexts, alcohol is now being replaced by other substances as a disinfectant.
One would think that alcohol is becoming yt, since alcohol consumption for consumption and the technical applications are declining. It is indeed just the opposite. It has for many years showed that alcohol could be used as fuel, but it was too expensive compared to gasoline produced from oil. Burning of fossil fuels provides a greater and greater levels of CO 2 in the atmosphere, which seems to give a global warming due to greenhouse effect. Alcohol can be produced by fermentation processes with grain and other crops instead of glucose. There now a widespread desire fuels, which are what is called "CO 2 neutral. That is, the inclusion of CO 2 when plants are grown after the same CO 2 released when the plants are fermented and the alcohol is burned off. More importantly, the rising price of oil much as alcohol produced by fermentation may soon be able to compete with gasoline.
Plants contain cellulose and other polymers, as yeast is difficult to break. The Danish factory Novozymes develops and produces enzymes for the processes for converting plant material into alcohol. Many European countries and the United States focuses on the development of advanced bio-processes for the manufacture of alcohol as biofuel. The Danish government has not given a clear signal of commitment to biofuels, but Novozymes in collaboration with Dong Energy, Energy Agency's Energy Research and Technical University of Denmark had established a pilot plant to produce ethanol through advanced processes.
Svend Åge Madsen - "Outside"
Novel "Outside" by Svend Aage Madsen about Annegrethe, a teenager who is so unhappy that she commits suicide. There are a lot of people who look to Annegrethe commit suicide, but they're not trying to stop her. They just sit there and see it happen. When you have read the story, sit back as a reader with the question of why Svend Aage Madsen, completes the story that way. I would make an analysis and interpretation try to answer.
I think the story takes place in Aarhus, which I justified by the narrator and his friends are starting to play football, because AGF Denmark has won the championship. In addition, going on an incredible number of Svend Åge Madsen's stories in Aarhus. When you read the story, one gets an impression that the action takes place many years ago when most families lived in small apartments. The only other indication of what time it is in is that both children in the family Kurtsen have double names, which is antiquated. Therefore, I think the story takes place in the 50s. Short story about a boy who together with his friends spectator a family's life through a window into the family's apartment. I assume that the family lives in an apartment because you normally only have a backyard if you live in the apartment. In apartment living family Kurtsen not have a lot of money, which is described in the story by: "[the family] sat in the small print" (ln.22 p. 4). The family has two children, named Niels Henning and Anne Grethe. Niels Henning is a boy who is some years older than the narrator. He comes with some troublemakers, who is half criminals. Niels Henning is the only family member who is aware that his family will be watched. Instead of chasing spy away, Niels Henning chose to come and collect money to be watched. According to the narrator goes the money for food and furniture for the family, and perhaps even for a dress for Annegrethe. Annegrethe is roughly the same age as the narrator, she begins to come with him for a short period. Annegrethe narrator describes as "a normal human being." (P. 6 ln. 105). Taking it into account and that she finally commits suicide, there can be no doubt that something is very wrong. Therefore, one can generally say that the parents Mr and Mrs Kurtsen not have a good relationship with their children.
The narrator, who is the protagonist in the story, is not described directly, but through the way he observes the action and how he describes it, one gets the reader a picture of him. You could say that the act is described as a film, the main character looks. It therefore makes some of the analysis easier to describe if you're talking about, that the act takes place in a cinema. The movie becomes more and more attractive action regularly because the kids get out of synch, and parents do not take care of them. In the context of what is cinema "upgraded". The canvas is better because the shift will be curtains. Since it is summer and drag the windows are opened, there will be sound on the film, which also stands in the story: "[it] was almost as great an invention, then began making movies talk." (P. 5 ln. 66) . Finally becomes the spectator seats in the expanded form of that fence will be demolished and is being built a cement staircase instead.
The author has built the story up so that the reader feels that you are sitting in rows and spectators attending the movie. Suddenly the narrator himself involved in the offense when he accidentally comes to greet Annegrethe because he thinks he knows her. It leads to him coming to visit the house that he would have only seen from the outside, which he seems quite exciting. The first narrator describes when he comes inside the house, has nothing to do with Annegrethe to do, but with how exciting it is to touch the things he knows so well. Since Annegrethe breaks up with the narrator, her reasoning that "it is not at her [the narrator] is interested in" (p. 6 ln.125). That Annegrethe says so, and the narrator's first description of his visit to the Anne Grethe, about the house furniture and not Annegrethe, gives the reader an impression that the narrator is not really interested in Annegrethe, but only that would be inside the house. It thus ends with the narrator again must stand outside and look in on Anne Grethe and the rest of the family.
From the outside looking narrator how Meg first attempt to commit suicide when it fails, and that she then tries again and succeeds. It is ridiculous that a bunch of people just stand and look on while Annegrethe twice tried to commit suicide, without any way to interfere. The narrator even says: "In a way I felt a little guilty [of Annegrethe sat with a gun], because I had never really done anything to be friends with her again after our quarrel. And I think probably there were others of us who stood out there and felt the same way. "(P.7 ln.158). It indicates that they could intervene and help Annegrethe if they wanted. Instead they choose to stand outside and look inside, to see if Annegrethe try again. As it happens, the narrator sits and hopes for an end to the second suicide attempt than the first time, and as he puts it: "It was like the air that there was something new every time. How to satisfy us. It's one of the most exciting I have experienced. When she pulled the saw really nothing new. She collapsed "(p. 8 ln. 193). Looking at it from outside, you will find enough suicidal for the tragic and not exciting. When the narrator looks at it as exciting, it should probably be seen as an indication that he did not have the perception of events. He sees it as a film which is better, the more tension there is.
The narrator lives his life through family Kurtsen where he just follow what happens. Story will have a post-modern twist, when Niels Henning comes out of the movie and "sell" tickets. It seems an even more pronounced post-modern crack when the narrator suddenly becomes mixed into the movie, and shortly after becoming molecule out again. This effect gives a glimpse of an answer to the question we are left with, and as I began with - why Annegrethe commit suicide? The narrator justifies suicide with that Annegrethe had a bad exam, the parents did not take care of her afterwards, and that her boyfriend disappeared. What is interesting is why Svend Aage Madsen finish his story that he does. I think Svend Aage Madsen leaves Annegrethe commit suicide, to show the ludicrous situation where a lot of people enjoy another person's tragic fate.
It is something you often see in today's Denmark. People do not care how other people have it, if only they are entertained, then it is immaterial whether those who entertain us feel good or not. The story will be made extremely absurd, because there are folded first Annegrethe attempt to commit suicide, and the spectators so expect that there is something else the second time, they sit and watch Anne Grethe attempt suicide. Narrator's comment when she is dead, has previously written that it's one of the most exciting he has ever seen. It makes the reader scratching his head and think that it was a strange idea of a suicide. But it's something like you see when people flock together to see a fire or a traffic accident. It is macabre, and there are both scary and tension in everyone. I think it's the fascination, as Svend Aage Madsen has described in the story. Han prøve at skildre, hvordan mennesker opføre sig i ulykkessituationer.
I think the story takes place in Aarhus, which I justified by the narrator and his friends are starting to play football, because AGF Denmark has won the championship. In addition, going on an incredible number of Svend Åge Madsen's stories in Aarhus. When you read the story, one gets an impression that the action takes place many years ago when most families lived in small apartments. The only other indication of what time it is in is that both children in the family Kurtsen have double names, which is antiquated. Therefore, I think the story takes place in the 50s. Short story about a boy who together with his friends spectator a family's life through a window into the family's apartment. I assume that the family lives in an apartment because you normally only have a backyard if you live in the apartment. In apartment living family Kurtsen not have a lot of money, which is described in the story by: "[the family] sat in the small print" (ln.22 p. 4). The family has two children, named Niels Henning and Anne Grethe. Niels Henning is a boy who is some years older than the narrator. He comes with some troublemakers, who is half criminals. Niels Henning is the only family member who is aware that his family will be watched. Instead of chasing spy away, Niels Henning chose to come and collect money to be watched. According to the narrator goes the money for food and furniture for the family, and perhaps even for a dress for Annegrethe. Annegrethe is roughly the same age as the narrator, she begins to come with him for a short period. Annegrethe narrator describes as "a normal human being." (P. 6 ln. 105). Taking it into account and that she finally commits suicide, there can be no doubt that something is very wrong. Therefore, one can generally say that the parents Mr and Mrs Kurtsen not have a good relationship with their children.
The narrator, who is the protagonist in the story, is not described directly, but through the way he observes the action and how he describes it, one gets the reader a picture of him. You could say that the act is described as a film, the main character looks. It therefore makes some of the analysis easier to describe if you're talking about, that the act takes place in a cinema. The movie becomes more and more attractive action regularly because the kids get out of synch, and parents do not take care of them. In the context of what is cinema "upgraded". The canvas is better because the shift will be curtains. Since it is summer and drag the windows are opened, there will be sound on the film, which also stands in the story: "[it] was almost as great an invention, then began making movies talk." (P. 5 ln. 66) . Finally becomes the spectator seats in the expanded form of that fence will be demolished and is being built a cement staircase instead.
The author has built the story up so that the reader feels that you are sitting in rows and spectators attending the movie. Suddenly the narrator himself involved in the offense when he accidentally comes to greet Annegrethe because he thinks he knows her. It leads to him coming to visit the house that he would have only seen from the outside, which he seems quite exciting. The first narrator describes when he comes inside the house, has nothing to do with Annegrethe to do, but with how exciting it is to touch the things he knows so well. Since Annegrethe breaks up with the narrator, her reasoning that "it is not at her [the narrator] is interested in" (p. 6 ln.125). That Annegrethe says so, and the narrator's first description of his visit to the Anne Grethe, about the house furniture and not Annegrethe, gives the reader an impression that the narrator is not really interested in Annegrethe, but only that would be inside the house. It thus ends with the narrator again must stand outside and look in on Anne Grethe and the rest of the family.
From the outside looking narrator how Meg first attempt to commit suicide when it fails, and that she then tries again and succeeds. It is ridiculous that a bunch of people just stand and look on while Annegrethe twice tried to commit suicide, without any way to interfere. The narrator even says: "In a way I felt a little guilty [of Annegrethe sat with a gun], because I had never really done anything to be friends with her again after our quarrel. And I think probably there were others of us who stood out there and felt the same way. "(P.7 ln.158). It indicates that they could intervene and help Annegrethe if they wanted. Instead they choose to stand outside and look inside, to see if Annegrethe try again. As it happens, the narrator sits and hopes for an end to the second suicide attempt than the first time, and as he puts it: "It was like the air that there was something new every time. How to satisfy us. It's one of the most exciting I have experienced. When she pulled the saw really nothing new. She collapsed "(p. 8 ln. 193). Looking at it from outside, you will find enough suicidal for the tragic and not exciting. When the narrator looks at it as exciting, it should probably be seen as an indication that he did not have the perception of events. He sees it as a film which is better, the more tension there is.
The narrator lives his life through family Kurtsen where he just follow what happens. Story will have a post-modern twist, when Niels Henning comes out of the movie and "sell" tickets. It seems an even more pronounced post-modern crack when the narrator suddenly becomes mixed into the movie, and shortly after becoming molecule out again. This effect gives a glimpse of an answer to the question we are left with, and as I began with - why Annegrethe commit suicide? The narrator justifies suicide with that Annegrethe had a bad exam, the parents did not take care of her afterwards, and that her boyfriend disappeared. What is interesting is why Svend Aage Madsen finish his story that he does. I think Svend Aage Madsen leaves Annegrethe commit suicide, to show the ludicrous situation where a lot of people enjoy another person's tragic fate.
It is something you often see in today's Denmark. People do not care how other people have it, if only they are entertained, then it is immaterial whether those who entertain us feel good or not. The story will be made extremely absurd, because there are folded first Annegrethe attempt to commit suicide, and the spectators so expect that there is something else the second time, they sit and watch Anne Grethe attempt suicide. Narrator's comment when she is dead, has previously written that it's one of the most exciting he has ever seen. It makes the reader scratching his head and think that it was a strange idea of a suicide. But it's something like you see when people flock together to see a fire or a traffic accident. It is macabre, and there are both scary and tension in everyone. I think it's the fascination, as Svend Aage Madsen has described in the story. Han prøve at skildre, hvordan mennesker opføre sig i ulykkessituationer.
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